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Related Concept Videos

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions01:28

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions

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Antimuscarinic drugs block muscarinic receptors in multiple systems, including the gut, eye, smooth muscles, respiratory tract, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. They produce similar effects with varying selectivity depending on the specific agent and tissue. Here are the key pharmacological actions of antimuscarinics:
Gastrointestinal Effects: Antimuscarinics reduce gut contractions, increase gastric emptying, and slow intestinal transit. They partly inhibit gastric acid secretion...
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Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:11

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

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Direct-acting cholinergic agonists have many therapeutic uses in various medical fields. Choline esters, including acetylcholine, have limited clinical utility due to their non-selectivity and short duration of action. Still, acetylcholine and carbachol are applied topically during ophthalmologic surgery to induce miosis. Pilocarpine, a muscarinic and ganglionic stimulator, effectively treats open-angle glaucoma and alleviates xerostomia and dry mouth caused by radiotherapy or Sjögren...
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Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:22

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

2.3K
Cholinergic agonists or cholinomimetics mimic the action of acetylcholine to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. They are categorized into direct-acting and indirect-acting agents. The direct-acting cholinergic drugs induce the parasympathetic response by directly binding to the muscarinic or nicotine receptors. In comparison, the indirect-acting cholinergic drugs prevent acetylcholine hydrolysis, indirectly contributing to the extended parasympathetic response.
The direct-acting...
2.3K
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions01:30

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions

1.8K
Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists, also known as anticholinesterases, exert their pharmacological effects by enhancing cholinergic transmission in various body parts, including the neuromuscular junction, autonomic cholinergic synapses, and the brain.
At the neuromuscular junction, these agents work by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine, allowing it to remain bound to the receptor and bind to nearby receptors. This process leads to repetitive firing of the endplate, causing muscle...
1.8K
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:31

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

2.0K
Direct-acting cholinergic agonists, such as synthetic choline esters and naturally occurring alkaloids, exert their effects by enhancing the actions of acetylcholine and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Synthetic choline esters share structural similarities with acetylcholine. For example, they have a positively charged quaternary ammonium or onium group, contributing to their hydrophilic characteristics. As a result, they are poorly absorbed in the body through oral...
2.0K
Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism

4.5K
Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

A Computerized Test Battery to Study Pharmacodynamic Effects on the Central Nervous System of Cholinergic Drugs in Early Phase Drug Development
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Is chromium pharmacologically relevant?

John B Vincent1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA.

Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS)
|July 22, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chromium is not essential, but may act as a drug to improve insulin sensitivity. Human studies are inconclusive, possibly due to lower chromium doses compared to rodent models.

Keywords:
ChromiumHumansInsulin resistanceRatsType 2 diabetes

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Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings for Electrophysiological Determination of Ion Selectivity in Channelrhodopsins
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Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings for Electrophysiological Determination of Ion Selectivity in Channelrhodopsins

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Chemical Inactivation of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Cereblon by Pomalidomide-based Homo-PROTACs
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Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings for Electrophysiological Determination of Ion Selectivity in Channelrhodopsins
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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Science
  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Recent research indicates chromium is not an essential trace element.
  • Clinical evidence for chromium's (Cr) pharmacological effects in humans is ambiguous.
  • Previous studies on chromium's role in insulin resistance and diabetes have yielded mixed results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review studies on chromium's effects in rodent models of diabetes.
  • To evaluate the potential pharmacological role of chromium in insulin sensitivity.
  • To explore reasons for discrepancies between human and rodent responses to chromium.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing research on chromium's effects in rat models of diabetes.
  • Analysis of clinical studies investigating chromium supplementation in humans.
  • Comparative assessment of dosages and responses in rodent versus human studies.

Main Results:

  • Chromium demonstrated an ability to increase insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues of rodent models.
  • Observed effects in rodents suggest a pharmacological, rather than essential, role for chromium.
  • Human studies show ambiguous results, with potential dose-dependent effects.

Conclusions:

  • Chromium's role appears to be pharmacological, not essential, based on rodent data.
  • Dosage differences between human and rodent studies may explain the varied responses to chromium.
  • Further research is needed to clarify chromium's potential therapeutic benefits and optimal human dosage.