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The acceptance criteria for dissolution profile data are anchored in Q values, representing the percentage of drug dissolved within a specified period. This assessment unfolds in three stages:First Stage: The test passes if all six drug dosage units are equal to or greater than Q plus 5%; otherwise, the sample proceeds to the second stage.Second Stage: The average of twelve units must be equal to or greater than Q, with no unit falling below Q - 15% to pass; if not, it progresses to the final...
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Dissolution of three insensitive munitions formulations.

Susan Taylor1, Eileen Park1, Katherine Bullion1

  • 1Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH 03755-1290, USA.

Chemosphere
|July 22, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Insensitive munitions (IM) formulations dissolve sequentially based on compound solubility, impacting environmental fate. Laboratory drip tests show sequential dissolution and time-varying water solutions for IMX101, IMX104, and PAX21.

Keywords:
DNANDissolutionInsensitive munitionsMicro-computed tomographyNTO

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Chemistry
  • Military Engineering

Background:

  • The U.S. military is developing insensitive munitions (IM) to enhance soldier safety by minimizing unintentional detonations.
  • Some IM components exhibit high water solubility, posing environmental concerns regarding their fate and transport in training range ecosystems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dissolution behavior of three insensitive munitions formulations: IMX101, IMX104, and PAX21.
  • To understand the sequential dissolution of IM constituents and their impact on water solution composition and pH.

Main Methods:

  • Laboratory drip tests simulating rainfall on scattered explosive particles on training ranges.
  • Micro computed tomography (micro-CT) to analyze structural changes in IM particles during dissolution.
  • Monitoring of water solution composition, concentration, and pH over time.

Main Results:

  • IM constituents dissolve sequentially, following the order predicted by their individual aqueous solubilities.
  • Significant differences in solubility lead to time-varying compositions and concentrations in the resulting water solutions.
  • IMX101 and IMX104 formulations, containing 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), showed pH variations in their dissolution solutions.
  • Good mass balances indicate no significant photo- or bio-transformation of the IM formulations under laboratory conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The sequential dissolution of IM components is governed by their solubility, influencing environmental contaminant profiles.
  • Understanding dissolution kinetics is crucial for assessing the environmental risks associated with IM use on training ranges.
  • Laboratory conditions did not induce degradation, suggesting solubility is the primary factor controlling the initial environmental fate.