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Related Concept Videos

Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or...
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Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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The Mitotic Spindle02:27

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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
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Centrosome Duplication02:25

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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

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Pericentriolar material structure and dynamics.

Jeffrey B Woodruff1, Oliver Wueseke1, Anthony A Hyman2

  • 1Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, Dresden 01307, Germany.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|July 23, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The centrosome

Keywords:
centrosomemicrotubule-organizing centreorganelle scalingpericentriolar material

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The centrosome, comprising centrioles and pericentriolar material (PCM), organizes microtubules and is crucial for cell division.
  • The PCM acts as a hub for vital biochemical reactions, regulating processes like organelle trafficking and spindle assembly.
  • Unlike membrane-bound organelles, the PCM is a dynamic, non-membrane structure essential for cellular functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the concentration and maintenance of biochemical machinery within the PCM.
  • To understand how PCM components interact to achieve mesoscale organization and centrosome assembly.
  • To address outstanding questions regarding PCM shape, size determination, and its role as a biochemical reaction hub.

Main Methods:

  • Proteomics analysis to identify key PCM components.
  • RNA interference (RNAi) screening to investigate gene functions.
  • Analysis of molecular interactions and their contribution to mesoscale organization.

Main Results:

  • Identification of key protein and nucleic acid components of the PCM.
  • Insights into molecular interactions governing PCM assembly and function.
  • Characterization of the PCM's role in concentrating tubulin for microtubule organization.

Conclusions:

  • Recent advances have identified major PCM components and their interactions.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for elucidating centrosome assembly and function.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand PCM's role in cellular processes and its unique non-membrane-bound structure.