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Related Concept Videos

Horizontal Gene Transfer01:27

Horizontal Gene Transfer

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Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process where genetic material moves between organisms within the same generation, unlike vertical gene transfer, which occurs from parent to offspring. HGT plays a crucial role in microbial evolution, adaptation, and survival, particularly in shared environments like the human gut.Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, integrons, insertion sequences, and transposons facilitate this process. HGT occurs through three primary mechanisms:...
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Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms02:18

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Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.
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Transduction01:16

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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

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Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus
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Multiple phenotypic changes associated with large-scale horizontal gene transfer.

Kevin Dougherty1, Brian A Smith1, Autumn F Moore1

  • 1School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America.

Plos One
|July 23, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Large-scale horizontal gene transfer causes significant, widespread phenotypic changes in bacteria, impacting their stress responses and behavior. These secondary effects can influence bacterial evolution and species interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbial Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) can induce phenotypic alterations in recipient organisms.
  • Previous studies focused on small genetic elements, leaving impacts of large-scale HGT understudied.
  • Secondary phenotypic effects of HGT can influence evolutionary trajectories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phenotypic consequences of large-scale horizontal gene transfer.
  • To quantify the number and magnitude of pleiotropic effects following HGT of a megaplasmid.
  • To establish a system for studying the real-time evolutionary integration of newly acquired genomic regions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a natural horizontal gene transfer event involving a ~1 Mb megaplasmid in Pseudomonas stutzeri.
  • Characterized numerous phenotypic changes in recipient bacteria.
  • Assessed changes in stress sensitization and bacterial behavior.

Main Results:

  • The transfer of a large megaplasmid induced numerous phenotypic changes in Pseudomonas stutzeri.
  • Recipients exhibited increased sensitization to various environmental stresses.
  • Significant alterations in bacterial behavior were observed post-transfer.

Conclusions:

  • Large-scale HGT profoundly impacts bacterial phenotypes beyond immediate adaptive benefits.
  • HGT can rewire cellular networks and pleiotropic relationships within bacterial genomes.
  • This system offers a model for observing the evolutionary integration and amelioration of large DNA acquisitions.