Chemically tailoring coal to fluorescent carbon dots with tuned size and their capacity for Cu(II) detection

The desired control of size, structure, and optical properties of fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) is critical for understanding the fluorescence mechanism and exploring their potential application. Herein, a top-down strategy to chemically tailor the inexpensive coal to fluorescent CDs by a combined method of carbonization and acidic oxidation etching is reported. The size and optical properties of the as-made CDs are tuned by controlling the structures of graphitic crystallites in the starting precursor. The coal-derived CDs exhibit two different distinctive emission modes, where the intensity of the short-wavelength emission is significantly enhanced by partial reduction treatment. The evolution of the electronic structure and the surface states analysis show that two different types of fluorescence centers, nano-sized sp(2) carbon domains and surface defects, are responsible for the observed emission characteristics. The reduced CDs are demonstrated as an effective fluorescent sensing material for label-free and selective detection of Cu(II) ions with a detection limit as low as 2.0 nM, showing a great promise for real-world sensor applications.