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    Brain connectivity supporting relational reasoning matures through adolescence into adulthood. Increased effective connectivity in the left prefrontal cortex (PFC) correlates with better reasoning performance and brain structure changes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Cognitive Neuroscience
    • Developmental Neuroscience

    Background:

    • The rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC) is crucial for relational reasoning, involving complex mental representations.
    • Developmental studies show age-related changes in RLPFC function, with increasing left-hemisphere specificity for relational integration.
    • Understanding the neural mechanisms of effective connectivity changes during this developmental period is essential.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate developmental changes in effective connectivity within a frontoparietal network during relational reasoning.
    • To examine how these connectivity changes relate to age, brain structure, and task performance.
    • To identify the optimal model of brain network interactions using dynamic causal modeling (DCM).

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 37 healthy females aged 11–30 years.
    • Employed dynamic causal modeling (DCM) with an exhaustive search approach to analyze effective connectivity during a relational reasoning task.
    • Compared brain activation during relational integration versus single relation manipulation.

    Main Results:

    • Identified a left-hemisphere frontoparietal network including RLPFC, anterior insula, dorsolateral PFC, inferior parietal lobe, and medial superior frontal gyrus.
    • Found distinct developmental effects on fixed frontoparietal (long-range) and frontoinsular (short-range) connections.
    • Observed increases in age-related modulatory connections and decreases in gray matter volume in the left RLPFC.
    • Linked improved relational integration performance to greater modulatory and weaker fixed PFC connectivity.

    Conclusions:

    • Effective connectivity within the frontoparietal network undergoes significant development from adolescence to adulthood.
    • Changes in fixed and modulatory connections are associated with age, structural brain changes (RLPFC gray matter), and performance improvements.
    • Findings support increasing left PFC specificity for relational integration and highlight the link between neural dynamics and cognitive development.