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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

26
Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration...
26
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

15
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...
15
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

48
DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
48
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

42
DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
42
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

12
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
12
Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction01:25

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

18
DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic...
18

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice
10:31

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

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Hypoxia in diabetic kidneys.

Yumi Takiyama1, Masakazu Haneda1

  • 1Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.

Biomed Research International
|July 24, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is driven by hypoxia, a condition where cells lack oxygen. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) plays a key role in how diabetic kidneys adapt to this oxygen-deprived state.

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major cause of end-stage renal disease and increased mortality in diabetic patients.
  • Hypoxia is an early event in DN development, with hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) mediating metabolic responses to renal hypoxia.
  • Diabetes induces pseudohypoxia and hypoxia in kidneys, which are susceptible to hyperoxia due to high blood flow.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the critical role of HIF in diabetic kidneys.
  • To explore the metabolic adaptations to diabetes-induced hypoxia.
  • To understand the interplay between sirtuins, HIF, and kidney metabolism in diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on diabetic nephropathy, hypoxia, HIF, and sirtuins.
  • Analysis of the physiological mechanisms of renal oxygen regulation.
  • Examination of the molecular interactions between sirtuins and HIF.

Main Results:

  • Hypoxia is a central factor in DN progression, mediated by HIF-1.
  • Diabetes-induced hyperglycemia increases oxygen consumption, leading to hypoxia despite renal vascular adaptations.
  • Sirtuins, through deacetylation or other effects, can inhibit HIF activation.

Conclusions:

  • HIF plays a primary role in the metabolic adaptation of diabetic kidneys to hypoxia.
  • Understanding HIF regulation is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies for DN.
  • The complex interplay between metabolic overload, hypoxia, and molecular regulators like HIF and sirtuins is key to DN pathogenesis.