PAHs in PM2.5 in Zhengzhou: concentration, carcinogenic risk analysis, and source apportionment

Ambient air samples were collected at two different locations between 2011 and 2012 in Zhengzhou, China in order to assess the concentration level, health risks, as well as the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particulate matter (PM2.5). The mean annual levels of PM2.5 observed at industry site and residential site were 172 ± 121 and 160 ± 72 μg m(-3), respectively, which were about five times the annual value of proposed PM2.5 standard (35 μg m(-3)) in China. The PM2.5 in all daily samples (n = 47) exceeds the proposed PM2.5 standard in China (75 μg m(-3)) at both industrial and residential sites. Seasonal variations of PM2.5 showed a clear trend of winter > autumn > spring > summer at both sites. The total concentrations of 16 PM2.5-associated PAHs ranged from 61 ± 51 to 431 ± 281 and 38 ± 25 to 254 ± 189 ng m(-3), with mean value of 176 ± 233 and 111 ± 146 ng m(-3) at industry and residential sites, respectively. The major species were fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[k]fluoranthene, and the concentration levels of PAHs in PM2.5 were higher in winter than those of other seasons at both sites. The annual mean values of toxicity equivalency concentrations of ∑16PAHs in PM2.5 were 22.8 and 13.5 ng m(-3) in industry and residential area, respectively. In this study, the risk level of adult citizens through inhalation exposure to PAHs was calculated. The average estimates of lifetime inhalation cancer risks were approximately 8.9 × 10(-7) and 6.3 × 10(-7) for industry and residential sites, respectively. The main sources of 16 PAHs from both diagnostic ratios and principle component analysis identified as vehicular emissions and coal combustion.