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General Theory versus ENA Theory: Comparing Their Predictive Accuracy and Scope.

Lee Ellis1, Anthony Hoskin2, Richard Hartley3

  • 1University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia lee.ellis@hotmail.com.

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
|July 27, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory better explains criminal behavior than general theory, finding positive links between self-control, risk-taking, and criminality. This suggests status-striving, not low self-control, drives offending behaviors.

Keywords:
criminalityevolutionary neuroandrogenic theorygeneral theorymuscularitypain tolerancerisk-takingself-control

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Area of Science:

  • Criminology
  • Evolutionary Psychology
  • Neuroendocrinology

Background:

  • General theory posits low self-control as the primary cause of criminal behavior.
  • Evolutionary Neuroandrogenic (ENA) theory proposes criminality stems from status-striving influenced by androgen exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test competing predictions of general theory and ENA theory regarding criminal behavior.
  • To examine the relationships between self-control, risk-taking, and criminality across different cultural contexts.

Main Methods:

  • Data collected from Malaysia and the United States to test 10 hypotheses.
  • Statistical analysis to assess correlations between self-control, risk-taking, pain tolerance, muscularity, and offending.

Main Results:

  • Risk-taking positively correlated with criminality in both countries, supporting both theories.
  • Contrary to general theory, self-control positively correlated with risk-taking, aligning with ENA theory.
  • ENA theory's predictions regarding pain tolerance, muscularity, and offending were largely confirmed.

Conclusions:

  • ENA theory demonstrated superior predictive scope and accuracy compared to general theory.
  • Findings suggest that status-striving, influenced by neuroandrogenic factors, plays a significant role in criminal behavior.