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Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory...
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Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Varicose veins, or varicosities, develop when the valves in the veins, which control blood flow, weaken or damage. It causes blood to pool and the veins to enlarge. Understanding the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management options for varicose veins is crucial for effective treatment and relief.Clinical manifestationsClinical manifestations of varicose veins include a heavy, achy feeling or pain after prolonged standing or sitting. This discomfort can often be relieved by...
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Cystic Fibrosis: Management01:24

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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder that predominantly affects individuals of Northern European descent, occurring at a rate of 1 in 3500. It is caused by a genetic mutation in a gene on chromosome 7, most commonly the ΔF508 mutation, that codes for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. This results in thicker mucus secretions and obstruction pathologies in multiple organs, including the lungs and sinuses.
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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Predictive Measurement for Windlass Change in Length and Selected Treatment Outcomes in Chronic Plantar Fasciitis
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Subtle cavus foot: diagnosis and management.

Sophia E Deben, Gregory C Pomeroy

    The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
    |July 27, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Subtle cavovarus foot (SCF) involves hindfoot varus or plantarflexed first ray, altering foot mechanics. This leads to ankle instability, tendon tears, and midfoot issues, requiring biomechanical correction for management.

    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedics
    • Biomechanics
    • Podiatry

    Background:

    • Subtle cavovarus foot (SCF) is a common foot malalignment.
    • It results from hindfoot varus or a plantarflexed first ray, leading to altered foot mechanics.
    • Key signs include a 'peek-a-boo' heel and a positive Coleman block test.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the biomechanical consequences of subtle cavovarus foot.
    • To outline the resulting clinical conditions and gait alterations.
    • To emphasize the importance of addressing the underlying malalignment in management.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of biomechanical principles related to foot alignment.
    • Clinical observation of gait and associated pathologies.
    • Discussion of management strategies for subtle cavovarus foot.

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    Main Results:

    • The cavovarus position stresses lateral ankle structures (ligaments, tendons).
    • Common conditions include lateral ankle instability, peroneal tendon tears, and stress fractures.
    • Altered gait involves locked transverse tarsal joints, reducing force dissipation and increasing midfoot stress.

    Conclusions:

    • Successful management, both surgical and nonsurgical, necessitates correcting the biomechanical anomaly.
    • Addressing the underlying malalignment is crucial for symptom resolution.
    • SCF management should be part of a comprehensive treatment plan.