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Related Concept Videos

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

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Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
Sigmatropic shifts are classified based on an order term [i, j ], where i and j indicate the number of atoms across which each end of the σ bond migrates. Below are examples of a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in...
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Internal Combustion Engine01:20

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The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that uses the byproducts of combustion as the working fluid instead of using a heat transfer medium to transfer heat. The combustion is done in a way that produces high-pressure combustion products that can be expanded through a turbine or piston to create work. Internal combustion engines can again be categorized into three kinds: (1) spark ignition gasoline engines, most commonly used in automobiles, (2) compression ignition diesel engines that...
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A heat engine is a device used to extract heat from a source and then convert it into mechanical work used for various applications. For example, a steam engine on an old-style train can produce the work needed for driving the train.
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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Thermal Stress

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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
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Related Experiment Video

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Combustion Characterization and Model Fuel Development for Micro-tubular Flame-assisted Fuel Cells
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Realization of dynamic thermal emission control.

Takuya Inoue, Menaka De Zoysa, Takashi Asano

    Nature Materials
    |July 28, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers demonstrate dynamic control of thermal emission, achieving speeds four orders of magnitude faster than traditional methods. This breakthrough utilizes emissivity modulation via quantum wells and photonic crystals for advanced thermal emission devices.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science
    • Condensed Matter Physics

    Background:

    • Infrared thermal emission is crucial in diverse scientific fields.
    • Controlling thermal emission with optical structures is key for new devices.
    • Existing methods offer static control, with high-speed modulation limited by temperature changes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate dynamic control of thermal emission at high speeds.
    • To overcome limitations of conventional temperature-modulation methods.
    • To enable a new generation of responsive thermal emission devices.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing dynamic control of emissivity (absorptivity) through intersubband absorption in n-type quantum wells.
    • Enhancing absorption via an optical resonant mode in a photonic crystal slab.

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  • Achieving rapid modulation by electrical carrier extraction from quantum wells.

    • Main Results:

    • Experimentally demonstrated dynamic control of thermal emission at speeds four orders of magnitude faster than temperature modulation.
    • Achieved an immediate change in emissivity from 0.74 to 0.24 at the resonant wavelength.
    • Maintained significantly lower emissivity across other wavelengths.

    Conclusions:

    • The study presents a novel method for high-speed dynamic control of thermal emission.
    • This approach, based on emissivity modulation, offers a significant advancement over static methods.
    • The findings pave the way for developing next-generation thermal emission devices with unprecedented modulation capabilities.