Vitamin D and rheumatic diseases.

Area of Science:

• Rheumatology
• Endocrinology
• Immunology

Background:

• Vitamin D traditionally known for calcium, phosphate, and bone metabolism.
• Emerging evidence highlights vitamin D's broader roles in extra-skeletal tissues and gene regulation relevant to rheumatic diseases.
• Vitamin D receptors are present on cartilage, synovial, muscle, immune, and epithelial cells, suggesting widespread influence.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the latest evidence on the relationship between vitamin D and extra-skeletal rheumatic diseases.
• To explore the potential mechanisms underlying vitamin D's effects in these conditions.
• To summarize findings on vitamin D deficiency prevalence and its association with rheumatic disease risk and activity.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of recent studies on vitamin D and rheumatic diseases.
• Analysis of evidence regarding vitamin D receptor distribution and gene transcription modulation.
• Examination of studies reporting vitamin D deficiency in various rheumatic conditions.

Main Results:

• Vitamin D deficiency is frequently observed in metabolic, degenerative, inflammatory, and autoimmune rheumatic diseases.
• Associations between vitamin D status and rheumatic disease risk or activity have been noted.
• The role of vitamin D in extra-skeletal rheumatic diseases is supported by its presence on relevant cells and its endocrine/paracrine effects.

Conclusions:

• Vitamin D plays a significant role in rheumatic diseases beyond its effects on bone metabolism.
• Further research is needed to establish conclusive evidence for vitamin D supplementation efficacy in managing extra-skeletal rheumatic diseases.
• Understanding vitamin D's multifaceted actions is crucial for future therapeutic strategies in rheumatology.