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Related Concept Videos

Pulse01:16

Pulse

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When the heart pumps blood out, arterial elastic fibers play a crucial role in sustaining a high-pressure gradient. They expand to accommodate the received blood and then recoil - a process known as the pulse that can be either manually palpated or electronically quantified. Despite a reduction in its effect with increased distance from the heart, elements of the pulse's systolic and diastolic components persist, observable even at the arteriole level.
The pulse serves as a clinical...
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Arteries and Arterioles01:16

Arteries and Arterioles

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Arteries, the vasculature responsible for transporting blood from the heart, possess robust walls capable of enduring the elevated pressures exerted by the heartbeat. Arteries near the heart are especially thick-walled and enriched with elastic fibers across their three tunics, classifying them as elastic or conducting arteries. These arteries, usually with a diameter exceeding 10 mm, are characterized by their ability to dilate in response to the blood pumped from the heart's ventricles...
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Measurement of Blood Pressure01:17

Measurement of Blood Pressure

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Assessing blood pressure is a standard procedure executed in virtually all medical environments. The method utilized today was established over a hundred years ago by an innovative Russian doctor, Dr. Nikolai Korotkoff. The soft ticking noise, known as Korotkoff sounds, heard while taking blood pressure readings results from turbulent blood flow within the vessels. The apparatus required for this procedure includes a sphygmomanometer, a blood pressure cuff attached to a gauge, and a...
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Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings I: Inspection and Palpation01:29

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings I: Inspection and Palpation

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In a cardiovascular examination, inspection and palpation are crucial for identifying abnormalities.
Abnormal findings observed during an inspection
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Sites for measuring blood pressure01:21

Sites for measuring blood pressure

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Blood pressure measurement is a fundamental clinical procedure, providing crucial data for assessing cardiovascular health. Among the various sites for this measurement, the brachial and popliteal arteries are predominantly utilized due to their accessibility and the reliability of their readings. This lesson delves into the anatomical significance, methodology, and considerations of measuring blood pressure at these locations.
The Brachial Artery: Primary Site for Blood Pressure Measurement
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
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Effective arterial elastance is insensitive to pulsatile arterial load.

Julio A Chirinos1, Ernst R Rietzschel2, Prithvi Shiva-Kumar2

  • 1From the Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine and Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.A.C., P.Z.); Department of Medicine, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, PA (J.A.C., P.S.-K., S.R.A., S.G.); Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., D.D.B.); and Department of Public Health (E.R.R.), Department of Industrial Technology and Construction (T.C.), and Institute Biomedical Technology, iMinds Future Health Department (T.C., P.S.), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Julio.chirinos@uphs.upenn.edu.

Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)
|July 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Effective arterial elastance (E(A)) is primarily determined by systemic vascular resistance and heart rate, not pulsatile arterial load. This finding suggests a reassessment of E(A)

Keywords:
arterial loadcharacteristic impedanceeffective arterial elastancetotal arterial complianceventricular–arterial couplingwave reflections

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Clinical Hemodynamics

Background:

  • Effective arterial elastance (E(A)) is a lumped parameter used to assess arterial afterload.
  • Previous theoretical models suggested E(A) is minimally affected by pulsatile load, but human data were limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between E(A) and arterial load in human populations.
  • To determine the influence of pulsatile and resistive afterload on E(A) using noninvasive methods.

Main Methods:

  • Central pressure-flow analyses were performed in middle-aged (n=2367) and older adults (n=193).
  • E(A) sensitivity to pulsatile load was assessed during isometric exercise (n=73).
  • Statistical analyses correlated E(A) with systemic vascular resistance, heart rate, and arterial load components.

Main Results:

  • Systemic vascular resistance and heart rate explained over 95% of E(A) variability in both populations.
  • E(A) showed a near-perfect linear relationship with the ratio of systemic vascular resistance/heart period (R > 0.97).
  • Aortic characteristic impedance, compliance, and wave reflections accounted for <1% of E(A) variability.

Conclusions:

  • Effective arterial elastance (E(A)) is predominantly a function of systemic vascular resistance and heart rate.
  • E(A) is negligibly influenced by and insensitive to changes in pulsatile arterial afterload in humans.
  • The interpretation of E(A) as a lumped parameter of both pulsatile and resistive afterload requires reassessment.