Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

2.9K
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
RBD is significantly associated with...
2.9K
Nightmares and Night Terrors01:18

Nightmares and Night Terrors

1000
Nightmares and night terrors represent two distinct types of sleep disturbances that differ in timing, characteristics, and the sleeper's recall of the event. Nightmares are vivid, disturbing dreams that usually awaken the sleeper from REM sleep, a stage of sleep where brain activity is high, and dreams are most frequent. Upon awakening, individuals often have detailed recollections of their nightmares, which can include themes of threats to survival, security, or self-esteem.
Nightmares...
1000
Personality Disorders: Paranoid and Schizoid01:22

Personality Disorders: Paranoid and Schizoid

1.2K
Personality disorders represent enduring cognition, affect, and behavior patterns that significantly deviate from societal norms. These maladaptive traits often lead to difficulties in various domains, including interpersonal relationships, occupational settings, and overall psychological well-being. Paranoid personality disorder and schizoid personality disorder are two distinct conditions marked by odd or eccentric behavior.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Paranoid personality disorder is...
1.2K
Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

1.3K
Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
1.3K
Narcolepsy01:07

Narcolepsy

881
Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by pervasive, uncontrolled sleepiness and other sleep disturbances. One of its hallmark symptoms is an abrupt transition to REM sleep upon falling asleep, which causes symptoms typically associated with this phase to occur unexpectedly during wakefulness. These include the following symptoms, which typically last from a minute or two to half an hour.
881
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

3.0K
Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
3.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Influence of gastrointestinal nematode species on the salivary anti-CarLA IgA response in Ontario ewe lambs.

Veterinary parasitology·2026
Same author

The structural core of dual diagnosis: Personality structure profiles in substance use disorders with and without Comorbid personality pathology.

Journal of psychiatric research·2026
Same author

The dynamics of fantasy in daily life: Differentiating schizoid and narcissistic phenomena.

Personality disorders·2026
Same author

Rolling in the Deep of Personality: Psychometric Properties of the Structured Interview of Personality Organization - Revised (STIPO-R) in Italy.

Journal of personality assessment·2026
Same author

A Cross-Sectional Study of Social Exclusion in Schizophrenia: Emotional Blunting and Autonomic Arousal in Response to Cyberball.

The Journal of nervous and mental disease·2025
Same author

Burden of chronic disease on NICU families: developmental outcomes, psychological effects, and vulnerable child syndrome.

Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Connection Between Sleep Disorders and Cognitive Symptoms in Depression
04:33

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Connection Between Sleep Disorders and Cognitive Symptoms in Depression

Published on: April 26, 2024

1.8K

Defensive functioning and psychopathology: a study with the REM-71.

Antonio Prunas1, Emanuele Preti1, Julia Huemer2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1, 20126, Milan, Italy.

Comprehensive Psychiatry
|July 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary

The REM-71 effectively assesses defensive functioning and psychopathology in young adults. This study confirms its validity and highlights gender as a factor influencing the link between immature defenses and symptoms.

More Related Videos

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease
10:28

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: July 24, 2019

16.7K
Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder
09:55

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

Published on: March 8, 2018

11.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Connection Between Sleep Disorders and Cognitive Symptoms in Depression
04:33

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Connection Between Sleep Disorders and Cognitive Symptoms in Depression

Published on: April 26, 2024

1.8K
Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease
10:28

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: July 24, 2019

16.7K
Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder
09:55

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

Published on: March 8, 2018

11.4K

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Psychiatry
  • Mental Health Assessment

Background:

  • Defensive functioning is crucial for psychological well-being.
  • Understanding the relationship between defenses and psychiatric symptoms is vital for clinical assessment.
  • The REM-71 is a tool for measuring defensive styles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between REM-71 assessed defensive functioning and psychiatric symptoms.
  • To examine the moderating roles of age and gender in this association.
  • To evaluate the concurrent validity of the REM-71 against the SCL-90-R for assessing 'caseness'.

Main Methods:

  • A community sample of 1,060 Italian students (mean age 19.01) completed the REM-71 and SCL-90-R.
  • Statistical analyses explored associations and moderating effects.
  • ROC analysis was used to determine a cut-off score for REM-71 Factor 1 defenses.

Main Results:

  • Factor 1 defenses were the strongest predictors of psychopathology.
  • Gender significantly moderated the relationship between immature defenses and psychiatric symptoms.
  • A valid cut-off score for Factor 1 defenses was established using ROC analysis.

Conclusions:

  • The REM-71 is a valuable instrument for assessing defensive patterns and psychopathological risk.
  • Findings support the use of REM-71 in adolescents and adults for evaluating defensive functioning.
  • The study underscores the influence of gender on the defense-psychopathology relationship.