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Related Concept Videos

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

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A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
13
Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

42
An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
42
Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

29
Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
29
Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

29
Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
29
Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

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DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
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Amnesia01:13

Amnesia

942
Amnesia is a condition marked by long-term memory loss, which impairs the ability to recall past events or create new memories.
The severity and duration of memory loss vary depending on the type and underlying cause. Amnesia is classified into two main types: retrograde and anterograde.
Retrograde amnesia is marked by the loss of memories formed before the onset of the condition. Patients may recall distant past events but often forget those occurring shortly before the incident.
Anterograde...
942

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Persistent cognitive impairment after transient ischemic attack.

Frank G van Rooij1, Pauline Schaapsmeerders1, Noortje A M Maaijwee1

  • 1Departments of Neurology (F.G.v.R., P.S., N.A.M.M., F.-E.d.L., E.J.v.D.) and Medical Psychology (D.A.H.J.v.D., R.P.C.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Stroke
|July 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transient ischemic attack (TIA) can lead to cognitive impairment, affecting over a third of patients within three months. This impairment impacts areas like working memory and attention, aligning with vascular cognitive impairment profiles.

Keywords:
cognitionischemic attack, transient

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuropsychology
  • Vascular Neurology

Background:

  • Transient ischemic attack (TIA) symptoms resolve within 24 hours, but imaging reveals persistent ischemic damage in many patients.
  • Cerebral infarction following TIA can result in permanent cognitive deficits, though the extent and nature of these deficits remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and profile of permanent cognitive impairment following TIA.
  • To determine if cognitive impairment after TIA aligns with vascular cognitive impairment patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive neuropsychological testing was performed on 107 patients (aged 45-65) within three months of a TIA, excluding those with prior stroke or dementia.
  • Cognitive impairment was defined as a Z score of <-1.65 in any cognitive domain.
  • Brain imaging (CT or MRI) was conducted, and results were compared to 81 age- and sex-matched controls.

Main Results:

  • Over a third of TIA patients (35%) exhibited impairment in at least one cognitive domain within three months.
  • Impairments were most frequent in working memory (25%), attention (22%), and information processing speed (16%), significantly more than in controls.
  • Silent brain infarcts correlated with poorer executive functioning but did not fully account for the observed cognitive deficits.

Conclusions:

  • A significant proportion of TIA patients experience cognitive domain impairment within three months post-event.
  • The pattern of cognitive deficits observed is consistent with vascular cognitive impairment.