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Related Concept Videos

Pressure of Fluids01:14

Pressure of Fluids

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There are many examples of pressure in fluids in everyday life, such as in relation to blood (high or low blood pressure) and in relation to weather (high- and low-pressure weather systems). A given force can have a significantly different effect, depending on the area over which the force is exerted. For instance, a force applied to an area of 1 mm2 has a pressure that is 100 times greater than the same force applied to an area of 1 cm2. That's why a sharp needle is able to poke through...
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Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest01:11

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In a fluid at rest, the pressure at any point beneath the fluid surface depends solely on the depth, not on the container's shape or size. This principle, known as hydrostatic pressure, arises because, in stationary fluids, there is no acceleration, meaning the forces within the fluid balance out. Only vertical forces, caused by the weight of the fluid above, contribute to pressure changes with depth.
When measuring pressure at two different levels within the fluid, the difference in...
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Stresses under Combined Loadings01:23

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When analyzing a bent tube with a circular cross-section subjected to multiple forces, it is crucial to determine the stress distribution in order to maintain structural integrity under varied load conditions.
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Fluid Pressure01:14

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In mechanical engineering, fluid pressure plays a critical role in designing systems that utilize liquid flow, such as hydraulic systems, pumps, and valves. When designing these systems, engineers must ensure they can withstand the forces created by fluid pressure to avoid damage or failure.
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Typical Model Studies01:30

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Fluid mechanics model studies often utilize scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior in full-scale environments, such as river flows, dam spillways, and structures interacting with open surfaces. Maintaining Froude number similarity in river models is crucial, as it replicates surface flow features like wave patterns and velocities.
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Generalized Hooke's Law01:22

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The generalized Hooke's Law is a broadened version of Hooke's Law, which extends to all types of stress and in every direction. Consider an isotropic material shaped into a cube subjected to multiaxial loading. In this scenario, normal stresses are exerted along the three coordinate axes. As a result of these stresses, the cubic shape deforms into a rectangular parallelepiped. Despite this deformation, the new shape maintains equal sides, and there is a normal strain in the direction of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Blast Quantification Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars
09:41

Blast Quantification Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars

Published on: July 5, 2016

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Using the split Hopkinson pressure bar to validate material models.

Philip Church1, Rory Cornish2, Ian Cullis2

  • 1QinetiQ, Fort Halstead, Sevenoaks, Kent TN14 7BP, UK pdchurch@qinetiq.com.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|July 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) enables validated, physics-based material models for simulations. This method enhances model applicability by comparing low-rate characterization with high-rate validation data, ensuring reliable performance across various materials.

Keywords:
Hopkinson barPochhammer-Chree oscillationsdispersionvalidation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Computational Modeling

Background:

  • Developing validated, physics-based material models is crucial for accurate numerical simulations.
  • Minimizing characterization overhead while ensuring broad model applicability is a key challenge.
  • The split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) is a primary tool for high-rate material characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the application of the split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) for materials modeling requirements.
  • To enable the deployment of validated material models with minimal characterization.
  • To ensure confidence in the wide applicability of material models through low-rate characterization and high-rate validation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) for both low-rate characterization and high-rate validation.
  • Developing techniques for reliable comparison of numerical simulations with SHPB data.
  • Incorporating raw strain gauge data from input and output bars to avoid assumptions of stress equilibrium.
  • Accounting for Pochhammer-Chree oscillations as a validation metric.

Main Results:

  • The SHPB is effective for analyzing material behavior under both shock and non-shock wave loading.
  • A novel method for comparing simulations with SHPB data is presented, using raw strain gauge outputs.
  • This approach enhances the reliability of material model validation, especially for non-metallic materials.
  • Pochhammer-Chree oscillations are identified as a valuable validation test for material models.

Conclusions:

  • The SHPB is an ideal tool for characterizing and validating material models for numerical simulations.
  • The presented method provides a more robust validation of material models by directly comparing simulation outputs with raw experimental data.
  • This approach increases confidence in the predictive capabilities of material models across a wide range of conditions.
  • The technique is particularly valuable for materials where classical stress-strain analysis assumptions are violated.