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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Perceptual Constancy

Perceptual Constancy

Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that objects remain consistent and unchanged even when their appearance varies due to changes in sensory input. There are four main types of perceptual constancy: size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy, and brightness constancy.
Size constancy is the recognition that an object remains the same size, even when its image on the retina changes. For instance, a bus is perceived to be large enough to carry people, even if it looks tiny from...

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Color Vision

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

Published on: August 1, 2018

Early recurrent feedback facilitates visual object recognition under challenging conditions.

Dean Wyatte¹, David J Jilk², Randall C O'Reilly¹

¹Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO, USA.

Frontiers in Psychology

|July 30, 2014

Summary

New research reveals that feedback signals in visual object recognition originate earlier than previously thought, supporting feature grouping and identification even with unclear or occluded objects.

Keywords:

amodal completion feedback illusory contours object recognition top–down attention

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Science
Visual Perception

Background:

Traditional models posit a feedforward visual object recognition pathway from retina to inferotemporal cortex.
Feedback from frontoparietal areas supports attention to salient features.
The role and origin of early feedback mechanisms remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To review evidence for feedback signals originating within extrastriate cortex during early visual processing.
To explore the functional role of these early feedback signals, distinct from attentional feedback.
To expand current models of visual object recognition by incorporating early feedback mechanisms.

Main Methods:

Review of existing neuroscientific literature and experimental findings on visual object recognition.
Analysis of temporal dynamics and functional dissociations of feedback pathways.
Synthesis of evidence regarding the role of extrastriate feedback in object identification.

Main Results:

Evidence suggests feedback signals originate in extrastriate regions concurrent with feedforward processing.
These early feedback signals are temporally distinct from attentional feedback and support grouping and feature completion.
Local feedback is crucial for object identification in noisy or ambiguous visual conditions.

Conclusions:

Early feedback originating in extrastriate cortex plays a critical role in object recognition.
This early feedback functions independently of later attentional feedback.
A dual role for descending feedback projections, encompassing both early and late processes, is proposed.