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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

25
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
25
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

25
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
25
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

15
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
15
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

17
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
17
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

18
Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
18
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

7.0K
Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
7.0K

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Mixed Reality Assisted Radical Endoscopic Thyroidectomy
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Clinical concepts on thyroid emergencies.

Giampaolo Papi1, Salvatore Maria Corsello1, Alfredo Pontecorvi1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Catholic University of Rome , Rome , Italy.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|July 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid emergencies like hypothyroid coma and thyrotoxic storm require prompt diagnosis and treatment. This review details their causes, clinical features, and management, including surgical options for massive goiter.

Keywords:
hyperthyroidismhypothyroid comahypothyroidismmassive goiterthyrotoxic stormthyrotoxicosis

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Thyroid-related emergencies, including hypothyroid coma (HC) and thyrotoxic storm (TS), are severe conditions necessitating intensive care unit (ICU) admission.
  • Distinguishing intrinsic thyroid disease from non-thyroidal illness with altered thyroid function tests is critical in the ICU.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, and therapeutic strategies for hypothyroid coma and thyrotoxic storm.
  • To discuss the management of massive goiter as a surgical thyroid emergency.

Main Methods:

  • Literature search of the MEDLINE database (September 2013) for reviews, original articles, and case reports.
  • Selected articles focused on myxedematous coma, HC, thyroid storm, TS, massive goiter, prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis.

Main Results:

  • HC and TS are rare, life-threatening conditions precipitated by factors in patients with severe hypothyroidism or thyrotoxicosis.
  • HC management includes high-dose thyroid hormone replacement, IV glucocorticoids, and supportive care for metabolic and thermal disturbances.
  • TS treatment involves beta-blockers, thyrostatics, IV glucocorticoids, and potentially iodide or lithium.
  • Massive nodular goiter management is primarily surgical, with percutaneous laser ablation as an alternative for high-risk patients.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of HC and TS relies on timely intervention and addressing precipitating factors.
  • Surgical intervention remains the primary treatment for massive goiter, with minimally invasive options available.