[Turf toe injury--extension sprain of the first metatarsophalangeal joint]

Injuries of the first metatarsophalangeal (1MTP) joint in the performance of sports are normally rare. The term turf toe injury designates a sprain of the first metatarsophalangeal (1MTP) joint. The trauma mechanism describes a hyperextension in contrast to a "sand-toe"-injury which is caused by a hyperflexion. Injuries to the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint of the great toe have increased in incidence over the last years following the introduction of synthetic surfaces and the establish use of lighter footwear. Although most common in American football players, similar injuries can also be found in sporting activities like basketball, soccer, gymnastics or dance. The trauma mechanism leads to varying degrees of sprain or disruption of the supporting soft-tissue structures. Furthermore damage to the articular cartilage and adjacent bone can be detected. An assessment of the extent of soft-tissue disruption or even damage of the cartilage is essential in treatment planning. The conservative treatment methods including relative rest, shoe modification, and insoles are in most cases successful. But in case of an advanced stage or failure of conservative treatment, surgical treatment is mostly necessary. The turf toe injury must be diagnosed early and evaluated properly. The injury leads to a loss in sports time and competition and can progress to chronic osteoarthritis of the first metatarsal joint.