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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

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Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this...
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Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

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DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic...
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Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

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Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins...
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Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

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A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
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Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

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A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
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Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

849
Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model
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Hypertensive brain stem encephalopathy.

Pen-Yuan Liao1, Chien-Chang Lee2, Cheng-Yu Chen3

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine and Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.

The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
|August 2, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypertensive brain stem encephalopathy is a rare condition presenting with headache and severe hypertension. Its atypical location can mimic stroke, complicating diagnosis and treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Radiology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Hypertensive encephalopathy typically affects the parietooccipital white matter.
  • Brain stem involvement is an uncommon but critical presentation.

Observation:

  • A 48-year-old male presented with headache and extreme hypertension.
  • CT revealed diffuse brain stem hypodensity.
  • MRI demonstrated diffuse brain stem vasogenic edema.

Findings:

  • The patient was diagnosed with hypertensive brain stem encephalopathy.
  • The atypical location of edema presented diagnostic challenges.
  • Differential diagnosis included ischemic infarction due to coexisting hypertension and edema.

Implications:

  • Accurate diagnosis is crucial to avoid incorrect treatment for stroke.
  • Recognizing this rare manifestation is important for neurologists and radiologists.
  • Early identification can guide appropriate management of severe hypertension.