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Related Concept Videos

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells

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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:12

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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
Direct cell-to-cell contact is needed for the activation of Notch signaling. The signal is initiated when a notch ligand binds to a receptor on an adjacent cell, also...
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Role of Ephrin-Eph Signalling in Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:22

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Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor (Eph) and its ligand, Eph receptor-interacting protein (Ephrin) were first discovered in the human carcinoma cell line, hence the name. Ephrin-Eph interaction guides cells to reach their appropriate location in adult tissues. They also play an essential role in the immune system by helping in immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. Based on their structure and function, Eph is divided into two classes — EphA and EphB.
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Adult Stem Cells01:33

Adult Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Lineage Commitment01:21

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Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:
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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
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Related Experiment Video

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3D Culturing of Organoids from the Intestinal Villi Epithelium Undergoing Dedifferentiation
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Lineage selection and plasticity in the intestinal crypt.

Anna Philpott1, Douglas J Winton2

  • 1Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/Medical Research Council (MRC) Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK.

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Intestinal stem cells exhibit remarkable plasticity, easily reacquiring their stem cell state. Understanding how lineage selection pathways balance differentiation and plasticity is key for intestinal renewal research.

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Area of Science:

  • * Stem cell biology and tissue regeneration.
  • * Molecular mechanisms of cell fate determination.
  • * Intestinal epithelial biology and self-renewal.

Background:

  • * The intestinal epithelium is a well-studied model for renewing tissues, with known stem and progenitor cell behaviors.
  • * Cell renewal in the intestine involves dynamic and stochastic processes.
  • * Historically, cell differentiation commitment was seen as irreversible, but plasticity is now recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To explore the mechanisms underlying plasticity in intestinal self-renewal.
  • * To understand how known lineage selection pathways interact within dynamic cell populations.
  • * To investigate how these interactions permit both lineage commitment and plasticity.

Main Methods:

  • * Review of existing literature on intestinal stem cell behavior and gene regulation.
  • * Analysis of dynamic cellular processes in intestinal self-renewal.
  • * Consideration of gene regulatory mechanisms from nervous system research.

Main Results:

  • * Intestinal self-renewal is characterized by significant plasticity, allowing stem cells to revert to their original state.
  • * While mediators of lineage selection are identified, their interplay in dynamic populations remains unclear.
  • * Emerging insights from nervous system gene regulation may offer potential mechanisms for intestinal plasticity.

Conclusions:

  • * The concept of irreversible differentiation in the intestine is being replaced by a view of plasticity.
  • * Further research is needed to elucidate how gene regulatory networks govern lineage selection and plasticity in the intestinal epithelium.
  • * Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for comprehending intestinal tissue maintenance and regeneration.