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Related Concept Videos

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
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Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Porins are beta-barrel proteins translocated to the mitochondrial outer membrane through the TOM complex into the intermembrane space. Porin precursors bind TIM chaperones within the intermembrane space and are guided to the Sorting and Assembly Machinery complex or SAM complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Techniques and Discoveries in Protein Synthesis and Assembly Through Innovative Mitochondrial Research
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microManaging mitochondrial translation.

Jessica Nouws1, Gerald S Shadel2

  • 1Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06437, USA.

Cell
|August 2, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs regulate gene expression in mammalian mitochondria. A specific microRNA activates mitochondrial DNA-encoded messenger RNA translation during muscle cell differentiation, revealing a new regulatory pathway.

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Area of Science:

  • Mitochondrial biology
  • Gene regulation
  • Molecular cell biology

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression.
  • Mitochondrial gene expression is essential for cellular energy production.
  • Mitochondria possess their own genome (mtDNA) and protein synthesis machinery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of miRNAs in regulating gene expression within mammalian mitochondria.
  • To identify specific miRNAs involved in mitochondrial gene regulation during cellular differentiation.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which miRNAs interact with mitochondrial components to control gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Studying miRNA localization during muscle cell differentiation.
  • Analyzing miRNA interaction with Argonaute 2 (Ago2) within mitochondria.
  • Assessing the impact of miRNA on the translation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded messenger RNAs (mRNAs).

Main Results:

  • A specific miRNA was found to increase its localization within mitochondria during muscle cell differentiation.
  • This miRNA was observed to interact with Ago2 inside mitochondria.
  • The interaction selectively activated the translation of mtDNA-encoded mRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • A novel pathway for regulating gene expression in mammalian mitochondria via miRNAs has been identified.
  • This regulatory pathway involves miRNA-Ago2 interaction within mitochondria.
  • The findings offer a potential strategy for manipulating mitochondrial gene expression.