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Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Preparation and Characterization of Graphene-Based 3D Biohybrid Hydrogel Bioink for Peripheral Neuroengineering
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In vitro evaluation of graphene oxide nanosheets on immune function.

M J Feito1, M Vila2, M C Matesanz1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|August 3, 2014
PubMed
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Graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets show weak inflammatory properties, decreasing immune cell proliferation and IL-6 levels. This makes them potentially suitable for hyperthermia cancer therapy applications.

Area of Science:

  • Nanomedicine
  • Immunology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Graphene oxide (GO) possesses unique properties making it promising for hyperthermia cancer therapy.
  • The impact of GO on immune cell function, crucial for cancer therapy, remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the effects of GO nanosheets on macrophage and lymphocyte function.
  • To assess the suitability of GO for hyperthermia cancer therapy by evaluating its immunomodulatory effects.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated GO nanosheets with varying polyethylene glycol arm numbers (1-GOs and 6-GOs).
  • Assessed effects on RAW-264.7 macrophages and primary splenocytes.
  • Measured proinflammatory cytokine secretion (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and cell proliferation in response to immune stimuli (concanavalin A, anti-CD3, lipopolysaccharide).
Keywords:
BiocompatibilityCytokineGraphene oxideLymphocyteMacrophage

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Main Results:

  • 6-GOs significantly increased TNF-α secretion by macrophages.
  • Both 1-GOs and 6-GOs dose-dependently decreased splenocyte proliferation and IL-6 levels.
  • GO nanosheets exhibited weak inflammatory properties.

Conclusions:

  • GO nanosheets demonstrate immunomodulatory effects with low inflammatory potential.
  • These findings support the potential application of GO in hyperthermia cancer therapy.
  • Further investigation into GO's immune interactions is warranted for safe therapeutic use.