Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
Published on: October 14, 2021
Revisiting the concept of late catatonia
Hiroki Kocha1, Sho Moriguchi1, Masaru Mimura1
1Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
Aim:
The objective of this paper is to introduce the concept of late catatonia to foreign readers for the first time in English.
Methods:
The original study was conducted about 20 years ago. The subjects were 16 persons who first visited our institutions between 1990 and 1996. They fulfilled the following criteria: 1) late-onset psychosis, with the initial mental changes occurring after 40 years of age; 2) more than one catatonic symptom observed during the clinical course; 3) a total clinical course lasting more than 2 years; and 4) no evidence of apparent organic brain disease. The medical records of individual patients were retrospectively reviewed to summarize the clinical features of this diagnosis.
Results:
The crucial feature was the evolution or longitudinal change in the clinical picture over time, with the clinical course being divided into five stages: stage I (prodromal depression), stage II (anxiety and agitation), stage III (hallucination and delusion), stage IV (catatonia syndrome), and residual state. As for treatment, the effect of psychotropic agents was very limited. The electroconvulsive treatment was the most effective treatment option.
Conclusion:
Apart from the current diagnostic dichotomy of schizophrenia and mood disorder, the concept of late catatonia is useful in clinical settings and may provide clinically important knowledge.
More Related Videos
07:35Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
Published on: July 8, 2025
10:41Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia
Published on: September 12, 2020
Related Concept Videos
Narcolepsy
Alterations in Muscle Tone ll
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions
Thought Disorders
Disorganized and unusual thought processes mark thought disorders in schizophrenia. One key feature is disorganized speech, where an individual's conversation includes...
Huntington Disease l: Introduction
Catenins
Catenins in Cell Junctions
Catenins bind to cell adhesion molecules such as cadherins and link them to different cytoskeletal proteins depending on the type of cell junction. At the...