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The association between community environment and cognitive function: a systematic review.

Yu-Tzu Wu1, A Matthew Prina, Carol Brayne

  • 1Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, Forvie Site, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK, ytw22@medschl.cam.ac.uk.

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The community environment significantly impacts cognitive function in older adults, particularly when considering socioeconomic factors. Future research should explore built and social environments over time.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Environmental Psychology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The relationship between the community environment and cognitive function in older adults is an emerging area of research.
  • Understanding this association is crucial for developing targeted interventions to support cognitive health in aging populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and critique existing studies on the association between community environment and cognitive function in older adults.
  • To identify key findings and methodological limitations in current research.
  • To propose a conceptual framework for understanding this relationship.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies.
  • Extracted data included definitions of community, individual characteristics, and measures of cognitive function and community environment.
  • Community environment measures were categorized as compositional (e.g., socioeconomic status) and contextual (e.g., green space, crime rate).

Main Results:

  • Eleven out of fifteen studies found significant associations between community environment and cognitive function.
  • Compositional measures, such as community-level socioeconomic status and deprivation index, were predominantly used.
  • Individual factors like ethnicity, genotype, and socioeconomic status were identified as modifiers of the association.

Conclusions:

  • Longitudinal studies are needed to establish causality and disentangle the effects of place from individual risk factors.
  • Future research should incorporate measurements of built and social environments and track cognitive function changes over time.
  • A deeper understanding of the community's role in cognitive aging is essential for public health strategies.