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Related Concept Videos

Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

7.0K
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
47.9K
The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
3.8K
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

40.9K
The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

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Auditory neuropathy/dyssynchrony revisited.

K Menten, C Van Eynde, C Desloovere

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    |August 6, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Auditory neuropathy/dyssynchrony (AN/AD) is a hearing disorder with normal outer hair cell function but impaired neural pathway signaling. Early diagnosis and support are crucial for language development and social well-being.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Audiology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Auditory neuropathy/dyssynchrony (AN/AD) is a complex auditory disorder.
    • It is characterized by specific electrophysiological and behavioral findings.

    Observation:

    • AN/AD presents with detectable otoacoustic emissions and/or cochlear microphonics.
    • Abnormal or absent auditory brainstem responses and poor speech understanding are key indicators.
    • Cognitive responses may not align with behavioral audiogram results.

    Findings:

    • This review details the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of AN/AD.
    • Diagnostic challenges and recent insights into aetiopathology are highlighted.
    • Clinical case examples illustrate diagnostic tools.

    Implications:

    • Early recognition of AN/AD is vital.
    • Patient counseling and support significantly impact social life and language acquisition.
    • Understanding AN/AD's nuances aids in effective management.