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Related Concept Videos

Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings01:11

Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings

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When a rod is made of different materials or has various cross-sections, it must be divided into parts that meet the necessary conditions for determining the deformation. These parts are each characterized by their internal force, cross-sectional area, length, and modulus of elasticity. These parameters are then used to compute the deformation of the entire rod.
In the case of a member with a variable cross-section, the strain is not constant but depends on the position. The deformation of an...
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Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry01:16

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Eccentric axial loading occurs when an axial load is applied away from the centroidal axis of a structural member. This scenario is common in engineering, where structural elements may not be directly aligned due to various design or functional requirements.
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General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading01:12

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Unsymmetrical bending occurs when the bending moment applied to a structural member does not align with its principal axis. This misalignment leads to complex stress distributions and deflection patterns that differ from symmetrical bending, which are essential for designing structures to withstand different loading conditions.
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Normal Strain under Axial Loading01:20

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Normal strain under axial loading is an important concept in the field of mechanics of materials. Axial loading implies the application of a force along the axis of a material, like a column or bar. This force can either compress or stretch the material. In the context of axial loading, normal strain is the deformation experienced by the material in the direction of the loading force. It's calculated as the change in length divided by the original length of the material. This unitless ratio...
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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Clinical Efficacy of Ultrasound-Assisted Scoliosis-Specific Exercise in Mild-Grade Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
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Flexibility of thoracic spines under simultaneous multi-planar loading.

Sean L Borkowski1,2, Sophia N Sangiorgio3,4, Richard E Bowen1,5

  • 1J. Vernon Luck, Sr., M.D. Orthopaedic Research Center, Orthopaedic Institute for Children, 403 W. Adams Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.

European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society
|August 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Ponte osteotomies offer greater spinal flexibility than facetectomies for scoliosis correction. Multi-planar testing is crucial for accurately predicting surgical release potential in spinal deformities.

Keywords:
BiomechanicsRange of motionScoliosisSimultaneous loading

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Spine Surgery
  • Biomechanical Engineering
  • Surgical Innovation

Background:

  • Scoliosis deformity correction often involves posterior spinal procedures.
  • Quantifying the biomechanical effects of posterior-only destabilization techniques is essential for surgical planning.
  • Understanding the impact of facetectomies and Ponte osteotomies on spinal mobility is critical.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the corrective potential of posterior-only facetectomies and Ponte osteotomies for scoliosis.
  • To evaluate spinal flexibility under single and multi-planar loading conditions.
  • To determine the efficacy of these procedures in cadaveric spines.

Main Methods:

  • Ten human cadaveric thoracic spines were tested intact and after sequential posterior destabilization procedures.
  • Procedures included en bloc bilateral total facetectomies and one to four levels of Ponte osteotomies.
  • Spinal motion was measured under cyclic, pure moments in single and multi-planar loading using optical motion tracking.

Main Results:

  • Both facetectomies and Ponte osteotomies increased thoracic spine flexibility in all planes.
  • Ponte osteotomies yielded higher per-level increases in range of motion (ROM) compared to facetectomies.
  • Multi-planar loading demonstrated that Ponte osteotomies provided simultaneous ROM increases across flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation.

Conclusions:

  • Ponte osteotomies provide superior per-level ROM increases compared to total facetectomies under single-plane loading.
  • Ponte osteotomies achieve simultaneous multi-planar ROM increases, highlighting their potential for scoliosis correction.
  • Multi-planar biomechanical testing is recommended for accurate prediction of surgical release potential in spinal deformity correction.