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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview01:15

NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview

3.6K
The position of the absorption signal of a sample is reported relative to the position of the signal of tetramethylsilane (TMS), which is added as an internal reference while recording spectra. The difference between the absorption frequencies of the sample and TMS (in Hz) is divided by the spectrometer operating frequency (in MHz) to obtain a dimensionless quantity called the chemical shift. It is reported on the δ (delta) scale and expressed in parts per million.
For instance, the proton...
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¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

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Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
1.3K
NMR Spectrometers: Overview01:20

NMR Spectrometers: Overview

2.0K
NMR spectrometers consist of a strong magnet, a radiofrequency transmitter, and a detector attached to a computer console for recording spectra of samples containing NMR-active nuclei. In first-generation NMR instruments called continuous-wave spectrometers, the resonance frequencies of the nuclei are determined by frequency-sweep or field-sweep methods. The magnetic field strength is fixed and the rf signal is swept in the former, while the radiofrequency signal is fixed and the magnetic field...
2.0K
NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

990
When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
990
Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

1.5K
In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
1.5K
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

1.7K
The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
1.7K

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Scalable NMR spectroscopy with semiconductor chips.

Dongwan Ha1, Jeffrey Paulsen2, Nan Sun3

  • 1School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed miniaturized nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer electronics on silicon chips. This innovation, combined with a compact magnet, advances portable NMR for diverse chemical and biotech applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Biotechnology
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Modern nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers, while powerful for large molecules, are bulky, expensive, and require high maintenance.
  • Many chemical and biotechnological applications require portable, affordable, and low-maintenance NMR for in-field or online use.
  • Existing miniaturization efforts have focused on magnets, but NMR electronics remain a significant barrier.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To miniaturize NMR spectrometer electronics for portable applications.
  • To integrate NMR electronics onto silicon chips.
  • To demonstrate multidimensional NMR spectroscopy using chip-based electronics and a compact magnet.

Main Methods:

  • Developed 4-mm(2) silicon chips integrating NMR spectrometer electronics.
  • Paired the chip-based electronics with a compact permanent magnet.
  • Performed various multidimensional NMR spectroscopies.

Main Results:

  • Successfully integrated complex NMR spectrometer electronics onto small silicon chips.
  • Demonstrated the capability of performing multidimensional NMR spectroscopies using the chip-based electronics and a compact permanent magnet.
  • Achieved a significant step toward the miniaturization of overall NMR spectrometers.

Conclusions:

  • The developed chip-based NMR electronics represent a critical advancement for portable NMR spectrometers.
  • This technology enables potential in-field, on-demand, and online NMR applications.
  • The integration of miniaturized electronics and compact magnets paves the way for accessible NMR platforms.