Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

34.0K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
34.0K
Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

2.9K
The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
2.9K
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

25.4K
Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
25.4K
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

211
The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
211
Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

32.1K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
32.1K
Predicting Reaction Outcomes02:24

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

9.0K
Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
9.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Kinetic Analysis of Transmetalation at Prototypical Nickel<sup>(II)</sup> Catalyst Species: Rates, Mechanisms, and Implications for Catalysis.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Effects of Ionic Liquids on the Nucleofugality of Dimethyl Sulfide.

The Journal of organic chemistry·2024
Same author

Photoactivated Reactions without Traditional Photocatalysts: Electron-Donor Complexation of 1,2,3-Triazoles Initiates Denitrogenative Transformations.

The Journal of organic chemistry·2024
Same author

Fluoromethylketone-Fragment Conjugates Designed as Covalent Modifiers of EcDsbA are Atypical Substrates.

ChemMedChem·2024
Same author

Effects of Ionic Liquids on the Nucleofugality of Bromide.

The Journal of organic chemistry·2024
Same author

Thermal Stability of Protic Ionic Liquids.

The journal of physical chemistry. B·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

71.2K

Developing principles for predicting ionic liquid effects on reaction outcome. A demonstration using a simple

Sinead T Keaveney1, Karin S Schaffarczyk McHale, Ronald S Haines

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. j.harper@unsw.edu.au.

Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry
|August 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Ionic liquids accelerate chemical reactions between amines and aldehydes. The study confirms predictions about reaction rates and the underlying thermodynamic contributions, showing salt-specific effects.

More Related Videos

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
11:04

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

12.4K
Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
09:44

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

Published on: September 26, 2025

808

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 26, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

71.2K
Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
11:04

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

12.4K
Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
09:44

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

Published on: September 26, 2025

808

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Chemical Kinetics

Background:

  • Ionic liquids are tunable solvents with unique properties.
  • Amine-aldehyde condensation is a fundamental organic reaction.
  • Understanding reaction kinetics in ionic liquids is crucial for process optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of systematically varied ionic liquids on amine-aldehyde condensation.
  • To compare experimental results with theoretical predictions.
  • To elucidate the thermodynamic origins of observed kinetic effects.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of a series of ionic liquids.
  • Kinetic studies of alkyl amine and aromatic aldehyde condensation.
  • Analysis of rate constants and their dependence on ionic liquid composition and temperature.

Main Results:

  • Ionic liquids significantly increased the observed rate constants for the condensation reaction.
  • The mole fraction dependence of rate enhancements aligned with theoretical predictions.
  • Temperature-dependent kinetic analysis revealed that the balance of enthalpic and entropic contributions varied with the specific ionic liquid used.

Conclusions:

  • Systematic variation of ionic liquid cations influences reaction kinetics.
  • Ionic liquids offer a viable strategy to accelerate amine-aldehyde condensation.
  • The observed kinetic effects are rooted in predictable thermodynamic changes, modulated by the specific ionic liquid structure.