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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

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Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia
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[A man with a painful elbow].

Geraldine L Nanninga1, J Nick Brinkman, Jean Bart Jaquet

  • 1Maasstadziekenhuis, afd. Plastische Chirurgie, Rotterdam.

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde
|August 7, 2014
PubMed
Summary

A patient with persistent forearm pain, initially unresponsive to conservative treatments like postural advice and glucocorticoid injections, underwent surgery. The operation targeted suspected radial tunnel syndrome, offering a potential solution when other methods failed.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Neurology
  • Musculoskeletal Disorders

Background:

  • Radial tunnel syndrome is a debated diagnosis.
  • It can cause persistent lateral forearm pain.
  • Conservative management often fails.

Observation:

  • A 54-year-old male presented with intractable left dorsolateral forearm pain.
  • Standard treatments including postural advice and glucocorticoid injections provided no relief.
  • Electromyography and MRI scans were inconclusive, showing no abnormalities.

Findings:

  • Clinical suspicion of radial tunnel syndrome was high despite negative diagnostic tests.
  • Surgical decompression of the radial tunnel was performed based on clinical judgment.
  • The procedure aimed to alleviate the unremitting forearm pain.

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Implications:

  • Operative decompression may be a viable option for refractory radial tunnel syndrome.
  • This case highlights the importance of clinical diagnosis when investigations are negative.
  • Further research is needed to establish diagnostic criteria and treatment efficacy.