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Diabetic Retinopathy

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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

A Mouse Model of Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through Elevation of Intraocular Pressure
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Retinal and optic nerve ischemia.

Valérie Biousse, Nancy Newman

    Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
    |August 8, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Neurologists should differentiate between retinal artery occlusion and ischemic optic neuropathy. Retinal ischemia requires emergent evaluation similar to stroke, while optic neuropathy may indicate giant cell arteritis.

    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Ophthalmology
    • Vascular Neurology

    Background:

    • Retinal and optic nerve ischemia present unique challenges for neurologists.
    • Understanding the nuances of these conditions is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management.
    • The review highlights the importance of recognizing these conditions in a neurological context.

    Observation:

    • Cerebral and retinal ischemia share similarities in workup and management.
    • Ischemic optic neuropathies, while involving optic nerve ischemia, stem from local disease and do not increase stroke risk.
    • Giant cell arteritis is a critical consideration in acute retinal or optic nerve ischemia.

    Findings:

    • Central retinal artery occlusion necessitates emergent evaluation and management comparable to cerebral ischemia.

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  • Anterior and posterior ischemic optic neuropathies are strongly associated with giant cell arteritis.
  • Retinal ischemic symptoms are frequent in patients with anterior circulation ischemic strokes due to shared vascular supply.

    • Implications:

    • Differentiating between retinal artery occlusion and ischemic optic neuropathy is vital for appropriate patient care.
    • Prompt recognition and management of retinal ischemia can prevent permanent vision loss and reduce stroke risk.
    • Systematic screening for giant cell arteritis in suspected ischemic optic neuropathy cases is essential.