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Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
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Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, are consciously remembered, recalled, and reported. Studying for a chemistry exam involves material that will become part of explicit memory. There are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic.
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Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
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Eyewitness memory refers to the recollection of events by someone who has directly witnessed them, often serving as critical evidence in legal settings. This type of memory is commonly used in criminal cases where a witness describes details like a suspect's appearance, clothing, or behavior during a crime. However, despite its perceived reliability, eyewitness memory is prone to significant errors.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion
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Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

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Memory beyond expression.

A Delorenzi1, F J Maza1, L D Suárez1

  • 1Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IFIByNE-CONICET, Pabellón II, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EHA), Argentina.

Journal of Physiology, Paris
|August 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Memories can be modulated during reconsolidation, influencing behavioral expression without altering the memory trace itself. This suggests memory retrieval is distinct from memory expression, even in humans.

Keywords:
ConsolidationExpressionForgettingMemoryReconsolidationRetrieval

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Memories are not static after consolidation and can be modified during reconsolidation.
  • Neuromodulators play a role in regulating the expression of memory traces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review studies on the modulation of memory expression during reconsolidation.
  • To propose that neuromodulators control behavioral expressibility of memory traces.
  • To investigate the dissociation between memory retrieval and memory expression.

Main Methods:

  • Studies on memory modulation in the crab Neohelice (Chasmagnathus) granulata.
  • Application of findings to test hypotheses in rodent fear memory.
  • Investigation in human declarative memory using specific reminder constraints.

Main Results:

  • Neuromodulators can increase or decrease memory behavioral expressibility without affecting memory lability.
  • Memory retrieval can be dissociated from memory expression, even in weak or amnesic conditions.
  • In humans, memory reconsolidation periods exceed expression periods, indicating conscious access is not required.

Conclusions:

  • Memory expressibility is a flexible attribute of long-term memories, modulated by experience.
  • Re-activated memories have multiple potential outcomes, with expression being just one.
  • Distinguishes between obliterated and unexpressed but activated long-term memories.