Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

945
Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
945
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

10.1K
Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
10.1K
Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect01:26

Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect

370
The similarity-dissimilarity effect, a fundamental concept in social psychology, explains how interpersonal similarities and differences influence attraction and social interactions. This effect is supported by three key psychological perspectives: balance theory, social comparison theory, and consensual validation.Balance Theory and Cognitive ConsistencyBalance theory, developed by Fritz Heider, posits that individuals seek cognitive consistency in their relationships. When two people share...
370
First Impression01:09

First Impression

422
First impressions play a crucial role in social perception, shaping how individuals assess others in professional, academic, and interpersonal contexts. Psychological research highlights the significance of cognitive biases, such as the primacy and recency effects, which influence how people interpret and recall information.The Primacy Effect and Cognitive AnchoringThe primacy effect describes the tendency for initial information to impact judgment disproportionately. When individuals encounter...
422
Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

7.8K
Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
7.8K
Eyewitness Memory01:22

Eyewitness Memory

644
Eyewitness memory refers to the recollection of events by someone who has directly witnessed them, often serving as critical evidence in legal settings. This type of memory is commonly used in criminal cases where a witness describes details like a suspect's appearance, clothing, or behavior during a crime. However, despite its perceived reliability, eyewitness memory is prone to significant errors.
One such error is memory distortion, which occurs because human memory does not function...
644

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The effect of interpersonal distance and background context on trait impressions.

Acta psychologica·2026
Same author

Observer and stimulus factors jointly shape perceptual similarity of static and dynamic facial emotions.

Cognition & emotion·2025
Same author

The effect of emotional expression on age estimates is modulated by face age and participant age.

BMC psychology·2025
Same author

Dissociating effects of gaze direction and facial motion on memory of dynamic faces.

Memory & cognition·2025
Same author

How much face identity information is required for face recognition?

Cognition·2025
Same author

Change in psychological distress and associated factors among Hong Kong young adults in post-COVID-19 era: a latent transition analysis.

Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology·2025
Same journal

Analysis of human visual experience data.

Journal of vision·2026
Same journal

Pyramid-based Bayesian modeling for high-resolution behavioral analysis.

Journal of vision·2026
Same journal

Sensation without perception: The white whale effect and perceptual blindness in autonomous vehicles.

Journal of vision·2026
Same journal

Gaze behavior during closed-captioned movie viewing adapts to absent audio through more frequent switching between text and scene.

Journal of vision·2026
Same journal

In pursuit of saccade awareness: Limited volitional control and minimal conscious access to catch-up saccades during smooth pursuit eye movements.

Journal of vision·2026
Same journal

Dissociable effects of element-lifetime and stimulus-duration on local and global motion processing: An equivalent noise study.

Journal of vision·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion
15:57

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Published on: May 4, 2011

15.9K

Face format at encoding affects the other-race effect in face memory.

Mintao Zhao1, William G Hayward2, Isabelle Bülthoff1

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.

Journal of Vision
|August 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The other-race effect (ORE) in face memory is reduced when learning moving or multi-view faces, not just static ones. This suggests how faces are learned, not just contact, influences memory differences.

Keywords:
encodingface memoryface recognitionholistic processingother-race effect

More Related Videos

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory
08:06

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

Published on: August 15, 2010

14.4K
Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Emotional Prosodies on Voice Recognition and Perception
05:48

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Emotional Prosodies on Voice Recognition and Perception

Published on: August 9, 2024

1.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion
15:57

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Published on: May 4, 2011

15.9K
Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory
08:06

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

Published on: August 15, 2010

14.4K
Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Emotional Prosodies on Voice Recognition and Perception
05:48

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Emotional Prosodies on Voice Recognition and Perception

Published on: August 9, 2024

1.8K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The other-race effect (ORE) demonstrates superior memory for own-race faces compared to other-race faces.
  • Existing research often attributes the ORE to factors like reduced contact, less holistic processing, and lower motivation to individuate other-race faces.
  • Most studies investigate the ORE using static, single-view faces, leaving generalization to dynamic or multi-view conditions unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the format of face stimuli during encoding influences the other-race effect (ORE) in face memory.
  • To determine if the ORE persists when participants learn rigidly moving faces or faces presented from multiple discrete views.

Main Methods:

  • An old/new recognition task was employed to assess face memory.
  • Participants encoded faces presented in three formats: static, single-view faces; rigidly moving faces; and faces displayed from four discrete views.
  • Correlations between contact with other-race faces and ORE magnitude were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • A significant other-race effect (ORE) was observed when participants learned static, single-view faces.
  • The ORE disappeared when participants learned rigidly moving faces.
  • Learning faces from four discrete views also eliminated the ORE, similar to the moving faces condition.

Conclusions:

  • The other-race effect (ORE) is sensitive to the format of face stimuli during the encoding phase.
  • The findings suggest that the relative engagement of holistic and featural processing during encoding, influenced by face format, mediates the ORE.
  • Dynamic or multi-view face encoding may promote more individuated processing, reducing the ORE.