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Related Concept Videos

LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

16.3K
Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

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LINE-1 retrotransposons: from 'parasite' sequences to functional elements.

Ana Paço1, Filomena Adega, Raquel Chaves

  • 1Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (IBB/CGB-UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.

Journal of Applied Genetics
|August 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long interspersed nuclear elements-1 (LINE-1) are active retrotransposons in mammalian genomes. Our study reveals LINE-1 sequences are involved in gene imprinting and X-chromosome inactivation in rodents.

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RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level
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RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Long interspersed nuclear elements-1 (LINE-1) are abundant retrotransposons in mammalian genomes.
  • Traditionally viewed as selfish DNA, LINE-1 elements are increasingly recognized for potential functional roles, including gene regulation and X-chromosome inactivation.
  • The non-random chromosomal distribution of LINE-1 elements suggests functional significance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the chromosomal distribution and potential functions of LINE-1 sequences in specific rodent genomes.
  • To analyze the localization of LINE-1 elements in relation to gene imprinting and X-chromosome inactivation regions.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and analysis of open reading frame 2 (ORF2) LINE-1 sequences from three rodent species: Cricetus cricetus, Peromyscus eremicus, and Praomys tullbergi.
  • Physical mapping of isolated LINE-1 sequences to determine their chromosomal distribution.
  • Comparative analysis of LINE-1 locations with known imprinted gene regions (e.g., Xist, Tsix).

Main Results:

  • LINE-1 sequences exhibited an interspersed longitudinal AT pattern across all chromosomes in the studied rodent genomes.
  • These retroelements were predominantly found in euchromatic regions, with some presence in heterochromatin.
  • A significant coincidence was observed between the locations of imprinted gene regions and LINE-1 retroelements.

Conclusions:

  • LINE-1 sequences likely play roles in rodent genome evolution, including gene imprinting and X-chromosome inactivation.
  • The distribution patterns suggest functional involvement beyond 'selfish DNA' in mammalian genomes.
  • LINE-1 elements may contribute to the evolution of repetitive sequences in heterochromatic regions.