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Related Concept Videos

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
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Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
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Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas01:16

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The pancreas, a vital organ within the abdominal cavity, plays dual roles in the digestive and endocrine systems, collaborating with exocrine and endocrine cells to maintain optimal digestion and blood sugar levels.
Exocrine function is carried out by acinar cells, organized into clusters known as acini. These cells contribute to digestion by releasing substantial quantities of enzyme-rich, alkaline digestive juices.
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Related Experiment Video

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Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine
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GLP-1: benefits beyond pancreas.

G Muscogiuri1, A Cignarelli, F Giorgino

  • 1Section of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples, Italy, giovanna.muscogiuri@gmail.com.

Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
|August 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) has beneficial effects beyond the pancreas, impacting weight, heart health, and bone metabolism. Research highlights its potential for treating obesity and cardiovascular disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Research

Background:

  • Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone primarily known for stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion.
  • GLP-1 receptors are expressed in numerous tissues, including the heart, brain, lungs, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the extra-pancreatic effects of GLP-1.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of GLP-1 analogs for diseases beyond type 2 diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of recent basic and clinical studies.
  • Focus on extra-pancreatic GLP-1 actions.

Main Results:

  • GLP-1 promotes body weight reduction, suggesting a role in obesity treatment.
  • GLP-1 exhibits cardioprotective effects, aiding recovery from ischemic injury and reducing cardiovascular risk factors.
  • Evidence indicates beneficial effects of GLP-1 on bone metabolism.
  • GLP-1 demonstrates positive impacts on vascular conditions, neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system, and psoriasis.

Conclusions:

  • GLP-1 possesses significant therapeutic potential beyond its established role in glucose homeostasis.
  • GLP-1 analogs represent promising therapeutic agents for a range of conditions, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders.