Intracellular metabolism of biogenic amines in paraneurons

Serotonin is one of the representative biogenic amines produced from tryptophan in the gastrointestinal tract as well as in the brain. The pineal gland also synthesizes serotonin, but as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of melatonin. The first enzymic step in the biosynthesis of serotonin is the hydroxylation of L-tryptophan catalyzed by tryptophan 5-monooxygenase. The 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (L-5HTP) formed is then decarboxylated to serotonin. Since the second step is catalyzed by non-specific aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, whether or not a given cell has the capacity to synthesize serotonin depends on the existence of tryptophan monooxygenase, and regulation of the serotonin biosynthesis is achieved mainly by modulating the activity of the first step enzyme. The activity of tryptophan monooxygenase was detected in extracts of the mouse stomach and intestines, although this activity was as low as approximately 1/20 of that in similar extract of the mouse brainstem. The upper small intestine and colon had a higher level of activity than other parts, and in the upper small intestine the enzyme was found to reside primarily in enterochromaffin cells of the mucosa. The intestinal tryptophan monooxygenase shared a common antigenic character with the enzyme from murine mastocytoma and was immunologically different from the brain enzyme. The enzymic properties were also similar to those of mastocytoma tryptophan monooxygenase which requires loosely-bound functional iron (Fe2+) for the activity. It seemed likely that the activity of tryptophan monooxygenase in paraneurons such as mastocytoma and enterochromaffin cells depends on available ferrous iron, and is therefore regulated, at least in part, by the cytosolic level of chelatable iron.