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Related Concept Videos

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
23
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

48.7K
The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
10:52

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[Current update on hypophysitis].

I Allix1, V Rohmer1

  • 1Département d'endocrinologie diabétologie nutrition, CHU d'Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49933 Angers cedex 9, France.

La Revue De Medecine Interne
|August 12, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Hypophysitis, a rare pituitary disorder, presents diagnostic challenges due to non-specific symptoms. Recent research highlights new variants and potential autoimmune triggers, improving understanding of this condition.

Keywords:
Anti-CTLA-4 antibodyAnticorps monoclaux anti-CTLA-4Autoantigène hypophysaireCorticosteroidsCorticoïdesHypophysiteHypophysite par infiltration d’IgG4HypophysitisIgG4 related hypophysitisPituitary auto-antigens

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
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Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Context:

  • Hypophysitis is a rare inflammatory disorder of the pituitary gland.
  • Diagnosis is often challenging due to nonspecific clinical and radiological findings.
  • Pathogenesis remains largely unknown, with evolving understanding of its variants.

Purpose:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding hypophysitis.
  • To discuss newly identified histological and etiological variants.
  • To explore emerging diagnostic criteria and potential auto-antigens.

Summary:

  • Primary hypophysitis is the most common form.
  • New associations include ANCA-associated vasculitis and IgG4-related hypophysitis.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., anti-CTLA-4 antibodies) can induce hypophysitis.
  • While candidate pituitary auto-antigens have been identified, none are currently established diagnostic tools.

Impact:

  • Improved diagnostic approaches for hypophysitis.
  • Enhanced understanding of autoimmune mechanisms in pituitary inflammation.
  • Potential for novel therapeutic strategies targeting specific etiological pathways.