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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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T helper subsets in allergic eye disease.

Nancy J Reyes1, Daniel R Saban

  • 1aDepartment of Ophthalmology, bDepartment of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

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Ocular allergy involves more than just Th2 cells, with Th1 and Th17 cells playing roles in severe cases. T regulatory cells help manage ocular allergy, and understanding T helper cell biology is key to developing better treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Ocular allergy is an IgE-mediated inflammatory disease affecting the conjunctiva and cornea.
  • It involves immediate hypersensitivity via mast cells and a late phase response mediated by eosinophils.
  • T helper (Th) lymphocyte activity is crucial in driving these responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of different T helper (Th) cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, and T regulatory cells) in ocular allergy.
  • To provide an update on current understanding of Th subset involvement in the pathophysiology of ocular allergy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific evidence and literature.
  • Analysis of findings from novel mouse models in ocular allergy research.

Main Results:

  • Ocular allergy, particularly severe forms, involves Th subsets beyond Th2.
  • Th1 cells are present in both mild and severe ocular allergies.
  • Emerging evidence suggests a role for IL-17 in severe ocular allergy.
  • T regulatory cells (Tregs) suppress pathogenic Th cell activity.

Conclusions:

  • Severe ocular allergy involves multiple Th subsets, including Th1 and potentially Th17.
  • Tregs play a regulatory role and are augmented during allergy immunotherapy.
  • Further research into Th cell biology is essential for developing targeted and effective therapies for ocular allergy.