Lipopolysaccharide stimulates monocyte adherence by effects on both the monocyte and the endothelial cell

The effects of the LPS moiety of endotoxin on monocyte adherence to an endothelial cell surface were investigated over times before the development of well described LPS-induced endothelial cell surface adhesive molecules. In an in vitro microtiter adherence assay, LPS in concentrations of 10 ng/ml to 10 micrograms/ml incubated for 20 to 60 min with human monocytes significantly stimulated monocyte adherence to human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers (HUVEC) and serum-coated plastic surfaces. The time course and concentration dependence of LPS-stimulated monocyte adherence to glutaraldehyde-fixed HUVEC did not differ significantly from that to unfixed HUVEC or serum-coated plastic surfaces. Pretreatment studies suggested that LPS acted on the monocyte within 25 min to stimulate adherence to untreated endothelial cells but required a minimum of 1.5 to 2 h to render the endothelial cell more adhesive for untreated monocytes. The potential role of TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha, and IL-1 beta in this system was assessed by determining the ability of these cytokines (+/- cytokine antibodies) to increase monocyte adherence. TNF, but neither IL-1, stimulated early monocyte adherence (1 h). This TNF-stimulated monocyte adherence was abrogated by coincubation with anti-rTNF-alpha polyclonal antibody. However, the anti-rTNF antibody had no effect on LPS-induced monocyte adherence to endothelial cells or serum-coated plastic surfaces. An early action of LPS on the monocyte to induce adherence to endothelial cell surfaces may contribute to the initial localization of peripheral blood monocytes in tissues during endotoxemia. The later effects of LPS on the endothelial cell to stimulate monocyte adherence may then amplify these initial monocyte-endothelial cell interactions to prolong and intensify monocyte adherence prior to migration into tissues.