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Related Concept Videos

Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
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Papillary Dermis01:11

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Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen...
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types01:20

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Hair growth begins with the production of keratinocytes by the basal cells of the hair bulb. As new cells are deposited at the hair bulb, the hair shaft is pushed through the follicle toward the surface. Keratinization is completed as the cells are pushed to the skin surface to form the shaft of hair that is externally visible. The external hair is completely dead and composed entirely of keratin. Hair can be cut or shaven without damaging the hair structure because the cut is superficial. Most...
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands01:21

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A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland found almost all over the skin ( except palms and soles) and helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Most sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles. They generate and excrete sebum, a mixture of lipids, onto the skin surface, thereby naturally lubricating the dry and dead layer of keratinized cells of the stratum corneum, keeping it pliable.
These glands that produce the oils on the skin and hair are holocrine glands. The mature...
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles01:16

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Hair and hair follicles are integral components of the integumentary system. Hair is a filamentous structure composed mainly of a protein called keratin. It is found on the surface of the skin throughout the body, except for areas such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Hair is a keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis. It is primarily made of dead, keratinized cells. Hair strands originate at the epidermal penetration called the hair follicle. The hair shaft is the part...
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Acne Infection01:27

Acne Infection

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Acne is a multifactorial skin condition primarily affecting adolescents and young adults, with a global prevalence estimated to exceed 75% in this demographic. The condition is characterized by the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules, pustules, nodules, and, in severe cases, cysts, particularly in areas rich in sebaceous glands such as the face, neck, chest, and back. The pathogenesis involves increased sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinization, colonization by...
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Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Cutaneous Surgical Denervation: A Method for Testing the Requirement for Nerves in Mouse Models of Skin Disease
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[Pathogenesis of prurigo nodularis].

U Raap1, C Günther

  • 1Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie und Venerologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland, Raap.Ulrike@mh-hannover.de.

Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, Und Verwandte Gebiete
|August 13, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Prurigo nodularis involves immune cells and nerve changes. This article explores the complex immune and nerve interactions driving this chronic skin condition.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience
  • Dermatology

Context:

  • Prurigo nodularis is a chronic skin condition causing severe itching and impacting patient quality of life.
  • The exact cause of prurigo nodularis is not fully understood.

Purpose:

  • To elucidate the pathogenesis of prurigo nodularis.
  • To highlight the roles of immunological and neuronal plasticity in the disease.

Summary:

  • Patients with prurigo nodularis exhibit increased Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) positive nerves.
  • Eosinophils and mast cells are abundant near peripheral nerves in lesional skin.
  • Nerve growth factor (NGF) is elevated in lesional skin and influences mast cell and eosinophil activity.
  • Elevated levels of the cytokine IL-31 are found in prurigo nodularis skin.

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Impact:

  • Understanding the interplay between immune cells and nerve plasticity is crucial for managing prurigo nodularis.
  • This research provides insights into the complex mechanisms underlying chronic pruritic skin diseases.