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Extraction: Effects of pH00:53

Extraction: Effects of pH

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Consider a neutral form of an amine, B, with a partition coefficient, K, in a liquid mixture containing organic and aqueous phases. The pH of the aqueous phase affects the charge on acidic and basic solutes, and the charged form is usually more soluble in the aqueous phase. Suppose the conjugate acid form of the amine is soluble only in the aqueous phase while the base form is soluble in both phases. Then the distribution coefficient, D, can be given as the ratio of amine concentration in the...
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Drug absorption within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex process influenced by several critical factors, including the site pH, the drug's dissociation constant (pKa), and the drug's lipophilicity. The GI tract exhibits a pH gradient, with an acidic environment in the stomach and a more alkaline environment in the small intestine. This pH variation directly affects the ionization state of drugs.
A drug's pKa and the pH of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract play crucial roles...
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Drug Dissolution: Requirements and Profile Comparison01:14

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The acceptance criteria for dissolution profile data are anchored in Q values, representing the percentage of drug dissolved within a specified period. This assessment unfolds in three stages:First Stage: The test passes if all six drug dosage units are equal to or greater than Q plus 5%; otherwise, the sample proceeds to the second stage.Second Stage: The average of twelve units must be equal to or greater than Q, with no unit falling below Q - 15% to pass; if not, it progresses to the final...
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Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

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Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
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Enhanced aqueous dissolution of a DNAPL source to characterize the source strength function.

Fang Wang1, Michael D Annable1, Charles E Schaefer2

  • 1Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology
|August 14, 2014
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Summary

Simplified analytical solutions accurately predicted trichloroethene (TCE) dissolution in groundwater. Source strength functions (SSFs) using models like the power law model (PLM) and equilibrium streamtube model (EST) proved effective for predicting contaminant longevity and guiding remediation.

Keywords:
CharacterizationDNAPLDissolutionSource zoneTracers

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Hydrogeology
  • Contaminant Transport

Background:

  • Nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in groundwater pose long-term contamination risks.
  • Predicting the dissolution and longevity of NAPLs is crucial for effective environmental remediation.
  • Simplified analytical solutions, termed source strength functions (SSFs), offer a promising approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate source strength function (SSF) parameters for trichloroethene (TCE) dissolution.
  • To evaluate the performance of analytical dissolution models (power law model (PLM) and equilibrium streamtube model (EST)) using field data.
  • To assess the impact of site-specific characteristics on dissolution prediction accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Fitted enhanced aqueous dissolution data to analytical dissolution models (PLM and EST).
  • Conducted complementary site characterization: soil coring, partitioning tracer tests, passive flux measurements, and push-pull tests.
  • Independently estimated SSF parameters using collected site data, including TCE mass and media heterogeneity.

Main Results:

  • Both PLM and EST models successfully characterized aqueous TCE dissolution during enhanced water flooding.
  • The exponential decay model (a PLM subset) accurately predicted dissolution, particularly for aged sites.
  • The EST model, integrated with tracer and soil data, accurately predicted observed aqueous dissolution.

Conclusions:

  • Source strength functions provide valuable tools for predicting NAPL source longevity and guiding remediation.
  • Accurate estimation of source zone mass and contaminated flowpath fraction is critical for predictive accuracy.
  • High-resolution soil core data and steady-state dissolution establishment are essential for reliable SSF parameterization.