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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

1.7K
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

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Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
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Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Seizures l: Introduction01:20

Seizures l: Introduction

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Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...
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Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

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Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization

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Epilepsy surgery in children: why, when and how?

Ajay Gupta1

  • 1Department of Pediatric Epilepsy/Epilepsy Center-S51, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA, Guptaa1@ccf.org.

Indian Journal of Pediatrics
|August 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Epilepsy surgery is a safe and effective treatment for children with refractory epilepsy who do not respond to medications. Early surgical consideration offers a high chance of seizure freedom with minimal neurological deficits.

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Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
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Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy SEEG With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
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Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy SEEG With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note

Published on: June 13, 2016

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • Refractory epilepsy affects children unresponsive to antiepileptic drugs, with <5% seizure freedom chance on further medication.
  • Untreated epilepsy leads to significant mortality and morbidity.
  • Surgical candidacy should be considered for all children with refractory epilepsy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the safety and efficacy of epilepsy surgery in pediatric patients.
  • To emphasize the importance of early surgical intervention for refractory epilepsy.
  • To inform healthcare providers and families about surgical options for children.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluation of children with refractory epilepsy.
  • Utilizing history, physical examination, video electroencephalogram (EEG), and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for surgical candidacy assessment.
  • Review of outcomes in pediatric epilepsy surgery.

Main Results:

  • Epilepsy surgery is safe and effective in children with refractory epilepsy.
  • Appropriately selected children have a high chance of seizure freedom post-surgery.
  • No age is a barrier; even infants can undergo epilepsy surgery if indicated.
  • Post-operative neurological deficits are not incurred in well-selected cases.

Conclusions:

  • Epilepsy surgery is a viable and effective treatment for pediatric refractory epilepsy.
  • Early identification and surgical consideration are crucial for improving outcomes.
  • Increased education for families and healthcare professionals is vital for timely intervention.