Polyploidy and epigenetic events in the evolution of Anura

This article reviews the polyploidy events that have long been demonstrated to play a role in the evolution of Anura, while also discussing the importance of epigenetic control of gene expression and diversity. Findings on Brazilian autopolyploid anurans, mainly of the genus Odontophrynus, obtained in previous studies on their cytogenetics, chromatin ultrastructure, and molecular gene regulation are discussed here. Our data on genome duplication and on epigenetic events were analyzed here regarding phylogenetic trees, including the classic 2R model for vertebrate evolution and the growing evidence of similar epigenetic mechanisms in animal and allopolyploid plants. We propose that polyploidy and epigenetic events led to rapid Anura diversity and speciation. Also, recent advances in molecular studies in other organisms led us to revisit some controversial models of evolution.