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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian Axis in Thyroid Dysfunction.

A F Ajayi1, R E Akhigbe2, L O Ajayi3

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Thyroid dysfunction impacts female reproductive hormones and organs. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism alter luteinizing hormone and oestradiol levels, affecting reproductive health.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Endocrinology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Thyroid dysfunction is linked to impaired female reproductive function.
  • Existing research on thyroid dysfunction's effects on female reproductive hormones and organs is conflicting and insufficient.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of experimental hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on the female rat's hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis.
  • To examine the impact of thyroid dysfunction on reproductive organ morphometry and histology in female rats.

Main Methods:

  • Female rats were divided into control, hypothyroidism (carbimazole-induced), and hyperthyroidism (levothyroxine-induced) groups.
  • Organ morphometry, histology, and serum hormone levels (FSH, progesterone, LH, oestradiol) were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Serum progesterone levels increased in hypothyroidism and decreased in hyperthyroidism.
  • Body weight gain, luteinizing hormone (LH), and oestradiol significantly decreased in both thyroid dysfunction groups.
  • Thyroid dysfunction caused significant alterations in reproductive organ cytoarchitecture.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid dysfunction disrupts the hormonal balance and alters reproductive organ structure, impairing reproductive function.
  • Luteinizing hormone and oestradiol levels are significantly affected by thyroid dysfunction.