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Related Concept Videos

Electron Behavior00:54

Electron Behavior

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Overview
Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in locations that are associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
Electrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the...
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Electron Behavior01:09

Electron Behavior

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Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into subshells and orbitals within each shell.
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Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

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The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
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π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

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An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...
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Electron Orbital Model01:18

Electron Orbital Model

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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...
67.5K
Electron Configurations02:46

Electron Configurations

20.3K
Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Aufbau principle (each added electron occupies the subshell of lowest energy available), Pauli exclusion principle (no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers), and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity (whenever possible, electrons retain unpaired spins in degenerate orbitals).
The relative energies of the subshells determine the order in which atomic orbitals are filled (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
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Size, dimensionality, and strong electron correlation in nanoscience.

Louis Brus1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States.

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Strong electron correlation in 1D and 2D nanomaterials leads to unique quantum phenomena. This study explores experimental consequences, revealing molecular properties and fractional charges in systems like carbon nanotubes and graphene.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Chemistry

Background:

  • Standard electronic structure theory often uses mean-field approximations, neglecting instantaneous electron-electron interactions.
  • Strong electron correlation significantly impacts material properties, especially in lower dimensions (1D and 2D).
  • Quantum confinement effects are well-known, but strong correlation effects are crucial for understanding nanoelectronic behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the experimental consequences of strong electron correlation in various low-dimensional nanomaterials.
  • To highlight how correlation effects alter electronic properties compared to traditional band theory predictions.
  • To explore phenomena like fractional charge and spin-charge separation in correlated systems.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a white-light, right-angle resonant Rayleigh scattering method for individual carbon nanotube (CNT) spectroscopy.
  • Analyzed optical absorption spectra to identify exciton transitions.
  • Examined diverse 1D, 2D, and 0D systems including graphene, polyacetylene, transition metal dichalcogenides, perovskites, quantum dots, and pentacene.

Main Results:

  • Discrete exciton transitions dominate optical spectra in both semiconducting and metallic CNTs.
  • 1D and 2D systems exhibit strong quantum confinement and correlation, leading to molecular-like properties.
  • Strongly correlated states can display fractional charge and spin-charge separation, observed in polyacetylene, graphene, and metallic CNTs.

Conclusions:

  • Explicit consideration of electron correlation is essential for predicting properties of 1D and 2D materials.
  • Low-dimensional systems can display exotic electronic behaviors not captured by simple band theory.
  • Experimental observation of fractional charges and spin-charge separation confirms the profound impact of electron correlation.