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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Hyperparathyroidism complicating pregnancy: a diagnostic challenge?

S N Jibhkate1, A G Valand, S Ansari

  • 1Department of Pathology, Grant Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

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|August 15, 2014
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Summary

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a rare cause of pancreatitis, especially during pregnancy. This case highlights the severe, fatal complications of undiagnosed PHPT in the postpartum period.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Obstetrics
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is an uncommon cause of hypercalcemia-induced pancreatitis, affecting 0.4%-1.5% of the general population and up to 13% of pregnant individuals.
  • Diagnosing PHPT during pregnancy is difficult due to physiological calcium homeostasis changes masking hypercalcemia symptoms.
  • Untreated PHPT in pregnancy can lead to severe maternal and fetal complications.

Observation:

  • A 24-year-old woman was diagnosed with PHPT postpartum.
  • She experienced fatal complications on day 20 postpartum.

Findings:

  • Pathological examination revealed metastatic calcification in the lungs, pancreas, and uterine vessels.
  • Chronic pancreatitis and renal cortical necrosis were also noted.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the critical need for timely PHPT diagnosis and management during pregnancy.
  • Aggressive treatment, often surgical intervention in the second trimester, is crucial to prevent severe maternal and fetal outcomes.
  • Delayed diagnosis can result in catastrophic, life-threatening complications.