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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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Inference of transposable element ancestry.

Aaron C Wacholder1, Corey Cox1, Thomas J Meyer2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America.

Plos Genetics
|August 15, 2014
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Summary

Current methods for studying transposable element (TE) evolution are flawed. A new Bayesian approach reveals more ancestral elements, improving understanding of TE history and mutation processes.

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Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Locations for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach
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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA sequences crucial for genome evolution.
  • Current subfamily-based methods for inferring TE evolutionary relationships may oversimplify complex histories.
  • These simplifications can impact studies on selection, exaptation, and horizontal transfer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel Bayesian method for inferring transposable element (TE) ancestry.
  • To provide probabilities for replicative status, replication frequency, and ancestral origins of TE sequences.
  • To re-evaluate TE evolutionary relationships and subfamily structures.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a Bayesian inference model for TE ancestry.
  • Application of the model to the LAVA family of TEs (986 members).
  • Comparison of results with the CoSeg subfamily-classification program.

Main Results:

  • Identified a greater number of source elements in LAVA TE history than previously defined subfamilies.
  • Revealed multiple replicative elements within the human AluSc subfamily.
  • Demonstrated that subfamily-based methods provide an incomplete view of TE relationships.

Conclusions:

  • Subfamily structures require reassessment for accurate evolutionary analyses.
  • The new Bayesian method offers a more comprehensive approach to inferring TE ancestry.
  • Accurate TE ancestry inference is vital for understanding mutation processes, phylogeny, and activity timelines.