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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Histone Modification02:32

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Determination of Immune Cell Identity and Purity Using Epigenetic-Based Quantitative PCR
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Deciphering the epigenetic code of T lymphocytes.

Rhys S Allan1, Stephen L Nutt

  • 1The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.

Immunological Reviews
|August 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary

T-cell differentiation relies on an epigenetic code, maintained by transcription factors and chromatin modifiers. This code is crucial for T-cell function and a potential therapeutic target for immune disorders.

Keywords:
T cellepigeneticgene expressionhistone modification

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • T-cells differentiate from a common thymic precursor into multiple lineages and states.
  • Lineage-defining transcription factors and chromatin modifiers maintain distinct T-cell transcriptional states.
  • These modifications form an epigenetic code, ensuring stable T-cell phenotype inheritance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in epigenetic regulation of gene expression.
  • To highlight the role of epigenetics in T-cell differentiation and function.
  • To discuss the epigenetic code as a therapeutic target for immune disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advances in epigenetics and T-cell biology.
  • Analysis of the role of transcription factors and chromatin modifiers in T-cell development.
  • Exploration of therapeutic implications of epigenetic modifications in immune diseases.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms are critical for maintaining T-cell lineage fidelity and functional states.
  • The epigenetic code provides a stable and heritable mechanism for T-cell phenotype.
  • Emerging evidence points to the epigenetic code as a viable therapeutic target.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic regulation is fundamental to T-cell differentiation and function.
  • Targeting the epigenetic code offers promising therapeutic strategies for immune cell disorders like lymphoma and inflammatory diseases.