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Microtubules are thick hollow cylindrical proteins that help form the cytoskeleton. Microtubules have varied roles in the cell. These filaments help form cellular appendages like cilia and flagella, which are responsible for locomotion. The cilia arise from basal bodies, separated from the main body by a membrane-like structure forming the transition zone. This zone is the gate for the entry of lipids and proteins, creating a unique composition of lipids and proteins in the ciliary membrane and...
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The intrinsic polarity of cells can be primarily attributed to two factors- i) the asymmetric accumulation of mobile components such are regulatory molecules and subcellular components across the cell and ii) the orientation of polar cytoskeletal filaments that make up the cytoskeletal networks, specifically microfilaments, and microtubules arranged along the axis of polarity. Interactions between the cytoskeletal filaments are crucial for the establishment and maintenance of the polar nature...
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There are three types of cytoskeletal structures in eukaryotic cells—microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the thickest of these fibers. Microtubules carry out a variety of functions that include cell structure and support, transport of organelles, cell motility (movement), and the separation of chromosomes during cell division.
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Microtubules are the thickest cytoskeletal filaments with a diameter of 25 nm. In prokaryotic organisms, microtubules are commonly found in locomotory appendages like cilia and flagella. In eukaryotic cells, microtubules form specialized extensions for moving fluid over the surface, like those found in cells lining the intestine.
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Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular and membrane components, making one side of the cell different from the other. This polarity is essential to many processes such as embryogenesis, axon migration, glucose transport across epithelial cells, and directional cell migration. A migrating cell responds to intracellular or extracellular signals via molecular cascades that reorganize the actin cytoskeleton to establish this polarity. In these cells, the Rho family proteins Cdc42,...
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Microtubules provide directional information for core PCP function.

Maja Matis1, David A Russler-Germain2, Qie Hu3

  • 1Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States matism@uni-muenster.de.

Elife
|August 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Fat/Dachsous/Four-jointed module directs cell polarity by organizing the microtubule cytoskeleton, influencing the core planar cell polarity pathway. This mechanism coordinates cell polarization with tissue axes.

Keywords:
fat cadherinmicrotubulesplanar cell polarity

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling governs cell polarization within epithelial tissues.
  • Two key modules, Fat(Ft)/Dachsous(Ds)/Four-jointed(Fj) and the PCP-core (Frizzled/Dishevelled), establish cell polarity.
  • The coordination of global tissue polarity with tissue axes remains an open question.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the Ft/Ds/Fj module in orienting the core PCP pathway.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which the Ft/Ds/Fj module influences tissue-wide polarity.
  • To provide evidence for a model where Ft/Ds/Fj provides directional information via microtubule organization.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the effect of the Ft/Ds/Fj module on the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton.
  • Observed the initial polarization of the apical MT cytoskeleton.
  • Analyzed the anchoring of apical non-centrosomal MTs at apical junctions.
  • Studied the directional trafficking of Dishevelled (Dsh) vesicles.
  • Employed mathematical simulations to test the proposed model.

Main Results:

  • The Ft/Ds/Fj module influences the MT cytoskeleton, initiating apical MT polarization before core PCP component alignment.
  • Apical non-centrosomal MT anchoring at junctions is polarized.
  • Ft-dependent directional trafficking of Dsh-containing vesicles was observed.
  • Mathematical simulations supported the proposed model's feasibility.

Conclusions:

  • The Ft/Ds/Fj module orients core PCP function through microtubule polarization.
  • This study provides a mechanistic link between the Ft/Ds/Fj module and core PCP signaling.
  • The findings clarify how tissue axes are integrated with cellular polarity.