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Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

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Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Implantation and Evaluation of Melanoma in the Murine Choroid via Optical Coherence Tomography
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Small metastasizing choroidal melanomas.

Ariane Malclès1, Tero Kivelä, Zuzana Svetlosakova

  • 1Croix-Rousse Hospital, University Eye Clinic, Lyon, France; University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.

Acta Ophthalmologica
|August 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Even small choroidal melanomas can metastasize late. This study found six of 59 small uveal melanomas developed late metastases after effective local treatment, highlighting the significant metastatic risk.

Keywords:
choroidlate metastasesmelanomasmall tumour

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Oncology
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Small choroidal melanomas generally have a better prognosis.
  • However, late-stage metastasis can occur even in small tumors.
  • Conservative treatment aims to preserve vision while managing the tumor.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the survival and tumor characteristics of small choroidal melanomas with late metastatic disease.
  • To evaluate outcomes after conservative treatment for these specific cases.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study of 523 uveal melanoma patients treated between 1991-2010.
  • Focused on 59 patients with small choroidal melanomas (thickness ≤3 mm, diameter ≤9 mm).
  • Analyzed six patients who developed hepatic metastases after proton beam therapy or brachytherapy (106Ru/106Rh).

Main Results:

  • Median patient age was 57 years; mean tumor thickness was 2.9 mm, mean diameter 7 mm.
  • Average follow-up was 8.3 years; no local tumor recurrence was observed.
  • Mean survival after melanoma diagnosis was 9.8 years; mean time to metastasis detection was 7 years.

Conclusions:

  • Six of 59 small choroidal melanomas developed late metastases despite effective local treatment.
  • Small tumor size does not eliminate the risk of metastasis.
  • These findings underscore the significant metastatic potential of small choroidal melanomas.